Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Pediatr Res. 2021 Feb;89(3):686-693. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0922-6. Epub 2020 May 14.
Early bisphenol exposure may have consequences for executive function development, but less is known about potential sex effects. We hypothesized that early bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) exposures would be associated with sex-dependent changes in preschool executive function.
A subsample of the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort (n = 312) provided maternal second trimester (prenatal) and 3-month postpartum (postnatal) urine samples, from which BPA and BPS concentrations were quantified. When children were age 2 and 4, mothers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Changes in standardized T scores on the BRIEF-P indexes of inhibitory self-control, flexibility, and emergent metacognition were investigated.
Adjusted multivariate regression analyses showed that child sex modified the associations between maternal postnatal BPA and changes in executive function. Higher maternal postnatal BPA concentrations predicted increasing difficulties from age 2 to 4 in the domains of inhibitory self-control and emergent metacognition in female, but not male children. The other bisphenol concentrations were not associated with changes in executive function.
Due to the ubiquity of BPA exposure among breastfeeding women, these findings justify further investigation on the effects of postnatal bisphenol exposure on child cognitive development.
Higher concentrations of maternal BPA at 3-month postpartum were associated with increasing difficulties in inhibitory self-control and emergent metacognition from age 2 to 4 in girls, but not boys. Prenatal BPA and prenatal/postnatal BPS were not significant predictors of changes in executive function in boys and girls. The current study extends previous research to show that maternal postnatal BPA could also impact child executive function. Due to the ubiquity of BPA exposure among breastfeeding women, the current findings suggest that additional precautions may be needed to protect infants' neurodevelopment from indirect exposure to BPA.
早期双酚暴露可能对执行功能发展产生影响，但对潜在的性别效应知之甚少。我们假设，早期双酚 A（BPA）和双酚 S（BPS）暴露与学龄前执行功能的性别依赖性变化有关。
艾伯塔省妊娠结局和营养（APrON）队列的一个亚组（n=312）提供了母亲妊娠中期（产前）和产后 3 个月（产后）的尿液样本，从中定量了 BPA 和 BPS 浓度。当孩子 2 岁和 4 岁时，母亲完成了行为评定量表的执行功能-学龄前版（BRIEF-P）。调查了 BRIEF-P 抑制自我控制、灵活性和新兴元认知指数的标准化 T 分数的变化。
调整后的多元回归分析表明，儿童性别改变了母亲产后 BPA 与执行功能变化之间的关系。较高的母亲产后 BPA 浓度预示着从 2 岁到 4 岁，女性儿童的抑制自我控制和新兴元认知领域的困难会增加，但男性儿童不会。其他双酚浓度与执行功能的变化无关。
由于哺乳期妇女 BPA 暴露的普遍性，这些发现证明了进一步研究产后 BPA 暴露对儿童认知发展的影响是合理的。
产后 3 个月母亲 BPA 浓度较高与女孩从 2 岁到 4 岁时抑制自我控制和新兴元认知困难的增加有关，但男孩则没有。产前 BPA 和产前/产后 BPS 不是男孩和女孩执行功能变化的显著预测因子。本研究扩展了以前的研究，表明母亲产后 BPA 也可能影响儿童的执行功能。由于哺乳期妇女 BPA 暴露的普遍性，目前的研究结果表明，可能需要采取额外的预防措施，以保护婴儿的神经发育免受间接暴露于 BPA 的影响。
