Adverse labour market impacts of childhood and adolescence overweight and obesity in Western societies-A literature review.

Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents are major health issues of today with both somatic and psychosocial consequences in childhood, adolescence and adulthood and potentially adverse effects for adult social life. We conducted a narrative review of the literature about the association of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence with possible adverse impact on labour market in adulthood. By PubMed and Google Scholar searches, we identified 12 original, prospective studies from Western countries and extracted data from these studies. We discuss the possible explanations of the associations and the conceptual and methodological challenges in these studies. Despite inherent difficulties in interpreting results, partly due to differences in outcome definitions, ages at exposure, measurements of overweight and obesity, confounder control and societal differences, the studies indicate adverse labour market impacts on adult wage and employment. Furthermore, penalties seemed present even if the excessive weight was lost before adulthood, and women seemed more affected than men, especially when weight persisted into adulthood. While both health and lower education might contribute to explain the adverse labour market outcomes, also discrimination, stigmatization and the development of cognitive and noncognitive skills seemed to influence the outcomes. Prevention of these adverse labour market impacts likely requires multilevel efforts.