Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTAR), Post Box No:13, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, 388120, Dist: Anand, Gujarat, India; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Sep 1;200:110718. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110718. Epub 2020 May 25.
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been frequently found in surface waters worldwide, and its estrogenic effects in humans are well documented. Nevertheless, less is known about other bisphenol analogues (BPs), such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) which are alternative to BPA. There have been few environmental investigations on BPs in developing countries, especially India. In the present study, eight BPs were analyzed, among which BPA, BPS, and BPF were found prevalent in surface water and wastewater from drains collected from 12 states and Delhi-National Capital Territory in India. The detection frequencies of BPA, BPS, and BPF were 67.6%, 41.9%, and 29.7%, respectively in all samples (n = 74). BPA was the predominant species among the three analogues. The highest BPA concentration was observed in the Yamuna River (14,800 ng/L), followed by the Cooum River (1,420 ng/L). The highest concentrations of BPS and BPF were 438 ng/L and 333 ng/L, respectively, both found in wastewater samples. The occurrence of BPS and BPF in nationwide surface water and wastewater samples from India for the first time suggests that new BPs as BPA replacements are being used and released in India. Ecological risk assessment of BPA, BPS and BPF exposure was performed using hazard quotient (HQ) for three aquatic taxonomic groups: algae, crustaceans, and fish, with the last group exhibiting the highest HQs (0.89-148) for BPA exposure. The human exposure risk of BPA through drinking river water was observed negligible in the present study. Our findings indicate the urgent need for, (1) regulations on the use and release of BPs in India, (2) effective processes to remove BPs in wastewater treatment plants, (3) more investigations on the distribution and toxicity of BPs in India, in particular BPA, BPS and BPF, as these analogues were detected at substantial concentration in Indian waters.
双酚 A（BPA）已在世界范围内的地表水中频繁检出，其对人类的雌激素效应已有充分的文献记载。然而，人们对其他双酚类似物（BPs）的了解较少，如双酚 S（BPS）和双酚 F（BPF），它们是 BPA 的替代品。在发展中国家，特别是印度，对 BPs 的环境调查较少。在本研究中，分析了 8 种 BPs，其中 BPA、BPS 和 BPF 存在于从印度 12 个邦和德里国家首都辖区的排水渠中采集的地表水和废水中。在所有样品（n=74）中，BPA、BPS 和 BPF 的检出频率分别为 67.6%、41.9%和 29.7%。在这三种类似物中，BPA 是主要的物质。在三种类似物中，Yamuna 河（14800ng/L）中 BPA 的浓度最高，其次是 Cooum 河（1420ng/L）。BPS 和 BPF 的最高浓度分别为 438ng/L 和 333ng/L，均在废水样品中检出。这是首次在印度全国地表水和废水样本中发现 BPS 和 BPF，表明作为 BPA 替代品的新型 BPs 正在印度被使用和释放。使用藻类、甲壳类动物和鱼类这三个水生分类群的危害系数（HQ）对 BPA、BPS 和 BPF 暴露进行了生态风险评估，最后一组对 BPA 暴露的 HQ 值最高（0.89-148）。本研究观察到通过饮用河水摄入 BPA 的人体暴露风险可忽略不计。我们的研究结果表明，印度迫切需要（1）对 BPs 的使用和释放进行监管，（2）在废水处理厂中采取有效措施去除 BPs，（3）对印度 BPs 的分布和毒性进行更多的研究，特别是 BPA、BPS 和 BPF，因为在印度水中检测到这些类似物的浓度相当高。
