Barnard D
Department of Humanities, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033.
J Med Philos. 1988 Nov;13(4):393-409. doi: 10.1093/jmp/13.4.393.
Physicians often appear more troubled by moral dilemmas than would seem justified given the present social and professional consensus on many of the questions involved. Their discomfort arises not only at ethical, technical, and behavioral levels (the most commonly identified sources of difficulty), but also at an existential level, that is, as the manifestation of conflicts rooted in the processes and conditions of our coming-to-be as persons. Analysis of this level of physicians' moral difficulties requires renewed attention to the physician as a person, and suggests new perspectives on the interpersonal environment of medical practice.
与当前社会和专业领域就许多相关问题达成的共识相比，医生似乎常常更容易为道德困境所困扰。他们的不适不仅出现在伦理、技术和行为层面（这些是最常被指出的困难来源），还出现在生存层面，也就是说，这是我们作为个体成长过程和条件中所产生冲突的表现。对医生道德困境这一层面的分析需要重新关注医生作为个体的情况，并为医疗实践的人际环境提供新的视角。
