Shchelkunov S N, Shchelkunova G A
State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia.
The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.
Acta Naturae. 2020 Jan-Mar;12(1):33-41. doi: 10.32607/actanaturae.10935.
The live smallpox vaccine was a historical first and highly effective vaccine. However, along with high immunogenicity, the vaccinia virus (VACV) caused serious side effects in vaccinees, sometimes with lethal outcomes. Therefore, after global eradication of smallpox, VACV vaccination was stopped. For this reason, most of the human population worldwide lacks specific immunity against not only smallpox, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Outbreaks of diseases caused by these viruses have increasingly occurred in humans on different continents. However, use of the classical live VACV vaccine for prevention against these diseases is unacceptable because of potential serious side effects, especially in individuals with suppressed immunity or immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV-infected patients). Therefore, highly attenuated VACV variants that preserve their immunogenicity are needed. This review discusses current ideas about the development of a humoral and cellular immune response to orthopoxvirus infection/vaccination and describes genetic engineering approaches that could be utilized to generate safe and highly immunogenic live VACV vaccines.
活天花疫苗是一种具有历史意义的首创且高效的疫苗。然而，痘苗病毒（VACV）除了具有高免疫原性外，还会在接种者身上引发严重的副作用，有时甚至会导致致命后果。因此，在全球消灭天花后，痘苗病毒疫苗接种就停止了。出于这个原因，全球大部分人口不仅缺乏针对天花的特异性免疫力，而且对其他动物源性正痘病毒也缺乏特异性免疫力。由这些病毒引起的疾病在不同大陆的人类中越来越多地爆发。然而，由于存在潜在的严重副作用，尤其是在免疫力低下或免疫缺陷的个体（如艾滋病毒感染患者）中，使用经典的活痘苗病毒疫苗来预防这些疾病是不可接受的。因此，需要保留其免疫原性的高度减毒的痘苗病毒变体。本综述讨论了目前关于对正痘病毒感染/接种产生体液免疫和细胞免疫反应的发展思路，并描述了可用于生产安全且高免疫原性的活痘苗病毒疫苗的基因工程方法。
