Teffera Mahder, Boshra Hani, Bowden Timothy R, Babiuk Shawn
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Feb 22;13(3):219. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13030219.
Sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease continue to negatively impact the sheep, goat, and cattle industries in countries where these diseases are present and threaten to spread into new regions. Effective vaccines are available for disease control and eradication. However, commercial vaccines are based on live attenuated virus isolates and therefore it is not currently possible to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), which severely limits the use of these vaccines in countries that are free from disease and at risk of an incursion. The development of next-generation vaccines, including recombinant protein, viral-vectored, and mRNA, has been limited due to the lack of understanding of the protective antigen(s) of capripoxviruses. The complexity of capripoxviruses, with up to 156 open reading frames, makes the identification of protective antigen(s) difficult. This paper identifies the most promising antigens by first considering the membrane-associated proteins and then further selecting proteins based on immunogenicity and their role in immunity by comparing them to known orthopoxvirus homologues. From the 156 potential antigens, 13 have been identified as being the most likely to be protective. Further evaluation of these proteins, as immunogens, would be required to identify the optimal combination of immunodominant antigen(s) for the development of next-generation capripoxvirus vaccines.
绵羊痘、山羊痘和结节性皮肤病继续对存在这些疾病的国家的绵羊、山羊和养牛业产生负面影响，并有可能蔓延到新的地区。有有效的疫苗可用于疾病控制和根除。然而，商业疫苗基于减毒活病毒分离株，因此目前无法区分感染动物和接种疫苗的动物（DIVA），这严重限制了这些疫苗在无病且有疾病传入风险的国家的使用。由于对山羊痘病毒的保护性抗原缺乏了解，包括重组蛋白、病毒载体和mRNA在内的下一代疫苗的开发受到限制。山羊痘病毒非常复杂，有多达156个开放阅读框，这使得保护性抗原的鉴定变得困难。本文首先考虑膜相关蛋白，然后通过将它们与已知的正痘病毒同源物进行比较，根据免疫原性及其在免疫中的作用进一步选择蛋白，从而确定最有前景的抗原。从156种潜在抗原中，已确定有13种最有可能具有保护性。需要对这些蛋白作为免疫原进行进一步评估，以确定用于开发下一代山羊痘病毒疫苗的免疫显性抗原的最佳组合。
