Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain.
Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain; Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2020 Oct;257:127190. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127190. Epub 2020 May 25.
Contamination by sunscreens has become a serious environmental problem due to the increasing use of these products in coastal regions. Their complex chemical composition supposes an input of different chemical compounds capable of producing toxic effects and repelling organisms. The aim of the current study was to experimentally check the repellency of three commercial sunscreens [A (lotion), B (gel) and C (milk spray)] by assessing the escape (displacement towards areas with lower sunscreen levels) of the estuarine shrimp Palaemon varians exposed (4 h) to a gradient (0-300 mg/L) of the sunscreens in a heterogeneous non-forced exposure scenario. Additionally, mortality and immobility (72 h) were checked in a traditional forced exposure scenario. Considering that the toxicity of sunscreens is a little controversial regarding their chemical availability in the medium, two different methods of sunscreen solubilisation were tested: complete homogenization and direct immersion. Very low mortality was observed in the highest concentration of sunscreens A and C applied by direct immersion; however, for sunscreen B, the main effect was the loss of motility when homogenization was applied. Repellency was evidenced for two sunscreens (A and B) applied by direct immersion. The homogenization in the medium seemed to lower the degree of repellency of the sunscreens, probably linked to the higher viscosity in the medium, preventing the motility of shrimps. By integrating both short-term responses (avoidance and mortality/immobility), the PID (population immediate decline) calculated showed that avoidance might be the main factor responsible for the reduction of the population at the local scale.
防晒霜的污染已经成为一个严重的环境问题，这是由于这些产品在沿海地区的使用越来越多。它们复杂的化学成分意味着不同化学物质的输入，这些物质可能会产生毒性作用并驱赶生物。本研究的目的是通过评估暴露于防晒霜浓度梯度（0-300mg/L）下的河口虾（Palaemon varians）的逃避（向防晒霜水平较低的区域移动）来实验性地检查三种商业防晒霜[A（乳液）、B（凝胶）和 C（牛奶喷雾）]的驱避性，这是在非强制暴露的异质情景下进行的。此外，还在传统的强制暴露情景下检查了死亡率和非活动（72 小时）。考虑到防晒霜的毒性因其在介质中的化学可用性而存在争议，我们测试了两种不同的防晒霜溶解方法：完全均质化和直接浸入。在应用直接浸入法的防晒霜 A 和 C 的最高浓度下，观察到死亡率非常低；然而，对于防晒霜 B，当应用均质化时，主要影响是失去运动能力。对于两种防晒霜（A 和 B），通过直接浸入法，证明了驱避性。在介质中的均质化似乎降低了防晒霜的驱避程度，这可能与介质中的高粘度有关，从而阻止了虾的运动。通过整合短期反应（回避和死亡率/非活动），计算出的 PID（种群立即下降）表明，回避可能是导致局部种群减少的主要因素。
