Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K.
RedeFauna - Research Network on Diversity, Conservation and Use of Amazonian Fauna, Brazil.
Conserv Biol. 2020 Dec;34(6):1525-1535. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13498. Epub 2020 Jun 24.
Seizures of hundreds of jaguar heads and canines in Central and South America from 2014 to 2018 resulted in worldwide media coverage suggesting that wildlife traffickers are trading jaguar body parts as substitutes for tiger parts to satisfy the demand for traditional Asian medicine. We compiled a data set of >1000 seized wild cats (jaguar [Panthera onca], puma [Puma concolor], and ocelot [Leopardus pardalis]) from 19 Central and South American countries and China. We ran generalized additive mixed models to detect trends in wild-cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized. Jaguar seizures increased over time, and most of the seized jaguar pieces were canines (1991 of 2117). Around 34% (32 of 93) of the jaguar-part seizure reports were linked with China, and these seizures contained 14-fold more individuals than those intended for domestic markets. Source countries with relatively high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita had 10-50 times more jaguar seizures than the remaining sampled countries. The number of Chinese residents in Central and South America was not significantly related to the number of jaguars seized. No socioeconomic factors influenced the seizures of puma and ocelots. Legal market chains may provide structure for the illegal chain; thus, the influx of illegal jaguar products is potentially a side effect of the economic partnership between Central and South American countries and China. Poverty and high levels of corruption in the source countries may motivate local people to engage in illegal activities and contribute to the growth of this trade. Supply-side interventions to curb this threat to Neotropical wild cats may include improved training for officials and promotion of governance and the value of protecting these animals to local people.
2014 年至 2018 年，中美洲和南美洲有数百个美洲豹的头颅和犬齿被查获，这引起了全球媒体的关注，表明野生动物贩子正在交易美洲豹的身体部位，以替代老虎的身体部位，以满足传统亚洲医学的需求。我们编制了一个由来自 19 个中美洲和南美洲国家以及中国的>1000 只被捕野生动物（美洲豹[Panthera onca]、美洲狮[Puma concolor]和豹猫[Leopardus pardalis]）组成的数据集。我们运行广义加性混合模型，以检测 2012 年至 2018 年期间野生猫科动物被捕数量的趋势，并评估来源国和来源国与中国之间的社会经济因素对被捕野生猫科动物数量的影响。美洲豹的被捕数量随着时间的推移而增加，被捕的美洲豹的大部分是犬齿（2117 个中有 1991 个）。约 34%（93 个中的 32 个）的美洲豹部分被捕报告与中国有关，这些被捕数量是国内市场的 14 倍。腐败程度相对较高、中国私人投资和人均收入较低的来源国的美洲豹被捕数量是其余抽样国家的 10-50 倍。中美洲和南美洲的中国居民数量与被捕的美洲豹数量没有显著关系。社会经济因素对美洲狮和豹猫的被捕数量没有影响。合法的市场链可能为非法链提供结构；因此，非法美洲豹产品的涌入可能是中美洲和南美洲国家与中国经济伙伴关系的副作用。来源国的贫困和腐败程度高可能会促使当地人从事非法活动，并导致这种贸易的增长。遏制这种对新热带野生猫科动物的威胁的供应方干预措施可能包括为官员提供更好的培训，以及促进治理和保护这些动物的价值，以当地人民。
