Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 May 30;21(11):3936. doi: 10.3390/ijms21113936.
There are eighteen species within the genus section , including the original penicillin producers (Fleming strain) and NRRL 1951 Other wild type isolates of the genus are relevant for the production of useful proteins and primary or secondary metabolites. The aim of this article is to characterize strain specific genes and those genes which are involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, particularly the mutations that have been introduced during the β-lactams strain improvement programs.
The available genomes of several classical and novel strains have been compared. The first genome sequenced was that of the reference strain Wis54-1255, which derives from the wild type NRRL 1951; its genome size is 32.19 Mb and it encodes 12,943 proteins. Four chromosomes were resolved in and by pulse field gel electrophoresis. The genomes of three industrial strains have a similar size but contain gene duplications and truncations; the penicillin gene cluster copy number ranges from one in the wild type to twelve in the ASPE1 industrial strain and is organized in head to tail tandem repeats. The genomes of two new strains, P. chrysogenum KF-25, a producer of antifungal proteins isolated from a soil sample, and P. chrysogenum HKF2, a strain with carbohydrate-converting activities isolated from a sludge treatment plant, showed strain specific genes.
The overall comparison of all available P. chrysogenum genomes indicates that there are a significant number of strain-specific genes, mutations of structural and regulatory genes, gene cluster duplications and DNA fragment translocations. This information provides important leads to improve the biosynthesis of enzymes, antifungal agents, prebiotics or different types of secondary metabolites.
属节中有十八个种，包括原始青霉素产生菌（弗莱明株）和 NRRL1951。该属的其他野生型分离株与有用蛋白和初级或次级代谢物的生产有关。本文的目的是描述菌株特异性基因和参与次级代谢物生物合成的基因，特别是在β-内酰胺类菌株改良方案中引入的突变。
已经比较了几种经典和新型菌株的可用基因组。第一个测序的基因组是参考菌株 Wis54-1255 的基因组，它源自野生型 NRRL1951；其基因组大小为 32.19 Mb，编码 12943 种蛋白质。通过脉冲场凝胶电泳在 和 中解析了四个染色体。三个工业菌株的基因组大小相似，但包含基因重复和截断；青霉素基因簇拷贝数范围从野生型的一个到工业菌株 ASPE1 的十二个，并且以头尾串联重复的方式组织。两个新菌株，P. chrysogenum KF-25，一种从土壤样本中分离出的抗真菌蛋白产生菌，和 P. chrysogenum HKF2，一种从污泥处理厂分离出的具有碳水化合物转化活性的菌株，其基因组显示出菌株特异性基因。
对所有可用的 P. chrysogenum 基因组的总体比较表明，存在大量的菌株特异性基因、结构和调节基因的突变、基因簇重复和 DNA 片段易位。这些信息为提高酶、抗真菌剂、益生元或不同类型的次级代谢物的生物合成提供了重要线索。
