Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium.
Cochrane First Aid, Motstraat 40, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium.
BMC Public Health. 2020 Jun 3;20(1):836. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08857-5.
First aid training is a cost-effective way to decrease the burden of disease and injury in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Since evidence from Western countries has shown that children are able to learn first aid, first aid training of children in LMIC may be a promising way forward. Hence, our project aim was to develop contextualized materials to train sub-Saharan African children in first aid, based on the best available evidence.
Systematic literature searches were conducted to identify studies on first aid education to children up to 18 years old (research question one), and studies investigating different teaching approaches (broader than first aid) in LMIC (research question two). A multidisciplinary expert panel translated the evidence to the context of sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence and expert input were used to develop teaching materials.
For question one, we identified 58 studies, measuring the effect of training children in resuscitation, first aid for skin wounds, poisoning etc. For question two, two systematic reviews were included from which we selected 36 studies, revealing the effectiveness of several pedagogical methods, such as problem-solving instruction and small-group instruction. However, the certainty of the evidence was low to very low. Hence expert input was necessary to formulate training objectives and age ranges based on "good practice" whenever the quantity or quality of the evidence was limited. The experts also placed the available evidence against the African context.
The above approach resulted in an educational pathway (i.e. a scheme with educational goals concerning first aid for different age groups), a list of recommended educational approaches, and first aid teaching materials for children, based on the best available evidence and adapted to the African context.
急救培训是降低中低收入国家（LMIC）疾病和伤害负担的一种具有成本效益的方法。由于来自西方国家的证据表明儿童能够学习急救，因此在 LMIC 中对儿童进行急救培训可能是一种有前途的方法。因此，我们的项目目标是根据现有最佳证据，为撒哈拉以南非洲儿童开发以情境为基础的急救培训材料。
系统文献检索旨在确定针对 18 岁以下儿童的急救教育研究（研究问题一），以及针对 LMIC 中不同教学方法（不限于急救）的研究（研究问题二）。一个多学科专家小组将证据转化为撒哈拉以南非洲的背景，证据和专家意见用于开发教学材料。
针对问题一，我们确定了 58 项研究，这些研究测量了对儿童进行复苏、皮肤伤口急救、中毒等急救培训的效果。针对问题二，我们纳入了两项系统评价，从中选择了 36 项研究，揭示了几种教学方法的有效性，例如问题解决教学法和小组教学法。然而，证据的确定性低至极低。因此，在证据的数量或质量有限时，需要专家意见来制定基于“良好实践”的培训目标和年龄范围。专家们还将现有证据与非洲背景进行了对比。
上述方法产生了一个教育途径（即针对不同年龄组的急救教育目标的方案）、一系列推荐的教育方法列表，以及针对儿童的急救教学材料，这些都是基于现有最佳证据并适应非洲背景的。
