School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK.
Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jun 2;20(11):3149. doi: 10.3390/s20113149.
The disruptive action of an acute or critical illness is frequently manifest through rapid biochemical changes that may require continuous monitoring. Within these changes, resides trend information of predictive value, including responsiveness to therapy. In contrast to physical variables, biochemical parameters monitored on a continuous basis are a largely untapped resource because of the lack of clinically usable monitoring systems. This is despite the huge testing repertoire opening up in recent years in relation to discrete biochemical measurements. Electrochemical sensors offer one of the few routes to obtaining continuous readout and, moreover, as implantable devices information referable to specific tissue locations. This review focuses on new biological insights that have been secured through in vivo electrochemical sensors. In addition, the challenges of operating in a reactive, biological, sample matrix are highlighted. Specific attention is given to the choreographed host rejection response, as evidenced in blood and tissue, and how this limits both sensor life time and reliability of operation. Examples will be based around ion, O, glucose, and lactate sensors, because of the fundamental importance of this group to acute health care.
急性或危重病的破坏作用常常通过可能需要连续监测的快速生化变化表现出来。在这些变化中，存在具有预测价值的趋势信息，包括对治疗的反应性。与物理变量不同，由于缺乏临床可用的监测系统，连续监测的生化参数是一种尚未开发的资源。尽管近年来离散生化测量方面的测试方法有了很大的扩展。电化学传感器提供了获得连续读数的少数途径之一，而且，作为可植入设备，它可以提供与特定组织位置相关的信息。这篇综述重点介绍了通过体内电化学传感器获得的新生物学见解。此外，还强调了在反应性生物样本基质中进行操作的挑战。特别关注在血液和组织中明显存在的精心编排的宿主排斥反应，以及它如何限制传感器的寿命和运行可靠性。由于这一组分对急性医疗保健至关重要，因此将基于离子、O2、葡萄糖和乳酸传感器来举例说明。
