Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
Living with Disability Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
J Foot Ankle Res. 2020 Jun 4;13(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s13047-020-00403-1.
Children and adolescents with Down syndrome have a distinctive foot shape (such as wide and flat feet) that often leads to difficulty with footwear fitting. 3-dimensional (3D) scanning can accurately measure the foot dimensions of individuals with Down syndrome, which may assist shoe fit. However, the reproducibility of measuring foot dimensions using 3D scans in children and adolescents with Down syndrome is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of measuring foot dimensions of children and adolescents with Down syndrome using 3D scanning.
3D foot scans of 30 participants with Down syndrome aged 5 to 17 years were obtained using the FotoScan 3D scanner. Foot dimensions assessed were foot length, ball of foot length, outside ball of foot length, diagonal foot width, horizontal foot width, heel width, ball girth, instep girth, first and fifth toe height, and instep height. Additionally, the Wesjflog Index and forefoot shape were determined. Measurements were completed by two raters independently on two separate occasions, 2 weeks apart. Intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Gwet's AC1 statistics with 95% confidence intervals. Agreement was determined by calculating limits of agreement (LOA) and percentage agreement.
Eighteen participants were female and 12 were male (mean age 10.6 [3.9] years). Intra-rater reproducibility (ICCs ranged from 0.74 to 0.99, 95% LOA from - 13.7 mm to 16.3 mm) and inter-rater reproducibility (ICCs ranging from 0.73 to 0.99, 95% LOA from - 18.8 mm to 12.7 mm) was good to excellent, although some measurements (ball of foot length, outside ball of foot length, heel width and girth measurements) displayed wider LOAs indicating relatively poorer agreement. Forefoot shape displayed substantial to almost perfect reliability (Gwet's AC1 0.68 to 0.85) and percentage agreement ranged from 73 to 87%, indicating acceptable agreement.
The measurement of specific foot dimensions of children and adolescents with Down syndrome using 3D scans is reproducible. Findings of this study may be used to support future research measuring specific foot dimensions of children and adolescents with Down syndrome using 3D foot scans.
唐氏综合征儿童和青少年的足部形状具有独特性（如宽而平的脚），这常常导致他们在选择合适的鞋子时遇到困难。三维（3D）扫描可以准确测量唐氏综合征患者的足部尺寸，这可能有助于鞋子的适配。然而，目前尚不清楚使用 3D 扫描测量唐氏综合征儿童和青少年足部尺寸的可重复性。本研究旨在确定使用 3D 扫描测量唐氏综合征儿童和青少年足部尺寸的内部和外部观察者的可重复性。
使用 FotoScan 3D 扫描仪对 30 名 5 至 17 岁唐氏综合征患者进行 3D 足部扫描。评估的足部尺寸包括足长、足球长度、足球外侧长度、足对角线宽度、足水平宽度、足跟宽度、足球周长、足背周长、第一和第五脚趾高度以及足背高度。此外，还确定了 Wesjflog 指数和前足形状。两位观察者分别在两次独立的测量中，间隔 2 周完成测量。内部和外部观察者的可靠性通过组内相关系数（ICC）和 Gwet 的 AC1 统计数据（95%置信区间）进行评估。通过计算一致性界限（LOA）和百分比一致性来确定一致性。
18 名参与者为女性，12 名参与者为男性（平均年龄 10.6[3.9]岁）。内部观察者的可重复性（ICC 范围为 0.74 至 0.99，95% LOA 范围为-13.7 毫米至 16.3 毫米）和外部观察者的可重复性（ICC 范围为 0.73 至 0.99，95% LOA 范围为-18.8 毫米至 12.7 毫米）良好至优秀，尽管一些测量值（足球长度、足球外侧长度、足跟宽度和周长测量值）显示出较宽的 LOA，表明相对较差的一致性。前足形状显示出高度可靠到几乎完美的可靠性（Gwet 的 AC1 为 0.68 至 0.85），百分比一致性范围为 73%至 87%，表明一致性可接受。
使用 3D 扫描测量唐氏综合征儿童和青少年特定的足部尺寸具有可重复性。本研究的结果可用于支持未来使用 3D 足部扫描测量唐氏综合征儿童和青少年特定足部尺寸的研究。
