National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA; email:
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2021 Jan;13:479-499. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040220-101608. Epub 2020 Jun 5.
While the ocean has suffered many losses, there is increasing evidence that important progress is being made in marine conservation. Examples include striking recoveries of once-threatened species, increasing rates of protection of marine habitats, more sustainably managed fisheries and aquaculture, reductions in some forms of pollution, accelerating restoration of degraded habitats, and use of the ocean and its habitats to sequester carbon and provide clean energy. Many of these achievements have multiple benefits, including improved human well-being. Moreover, better understanding of how to implement conservation strategies effectively, new technologies and databases, increased integration of the natural and social sciences, and use of indigenous knowledge promise continued progress. Enormous challenges remain, and there is no single solution; successful efforts typically are neither quick nor cheap and require trust and collaboration. Nevertheless, a greater focus on solutions and successes will help them to become the norm rather than the exception.
尽管海洋遭受了许多损失，但越来越多的证据表明，海洋保护正在取得重要进展。例如，曾经受到威胁的物种数量显著增加，海洋生境的保护率不断提高，渔业和水产养殖业的管理更加可持续，某些形式的污染有所减少，退化生境的恢复速度加快，以及利用海洋及其生境来固碳和提供清洁能源。这些成就中的许多都具有多重益处，包括提高人类福祉。此外，对如何有效实施保护策略的理解不断加深，新技术和数据库的出现，自然科学和社会科学的日益融合，以及利用本土知识，都预示着将继续取得进展。尽管仍然面临巨大的挑战，但没有单一的解决方案；成功的努力通常既不快也不便宜，需要信任和合作。然而，更加关注解决方案和成功案例将有助于它们成为常态，而不是例外。
