Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
BMC Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 5;20(1):285. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02703-z.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are two of the most frequently-observed neurodevelopmental disorders. Autistic traits are detected frequently in children who have ADHD. This study aimed to examine autism symptoms in children diagnosed with ADHD and their parents; and also, to investigate parental risk factors that increase autistic traits in children. Besides the risk factors related to pregnancy, birth and developmental history were examined.
Two groups were created consisting of 66 children diagnosed with ADHD and 33 children not diagnosed with ADHD and their parents. Autism symptoms were screened with the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) in children, and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in parents. Also, Adult ADD/ADHD DSM-IV Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale and Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) were used to determine ADHD symptoms in parents.
It was determined that there were more autism symptoms in children who were diagnosed with ADHD than in the control group without ADHD. There were more autistic symptoms in boys and the presence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Although there were more ADHD symptoms in the parents of children diagnosed with ADHD, it was determined that they did not differ from parents in the control group in terms of autism symptoms. It was also determined that maternal and paternal ADHD symptoms were predictive for autism symptoms in children. It was also shown that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with more autistic traits.
ASD and ADHD show high levels of comorbidity. The etiology remains unclear. Both ADHD and ASD show strong hereditary transition. We found that maternal and paternal ADHD symptoms predict autism symptoms in children with ADHD. However, more studies are needed to reveal the etiology.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是最常见的两种神经发育障碍。患有 ADHD 的儿童经常会出现自闭症特征。本研究旨在检查诊断为 ADHD 的儿童及其父母的自闭症症状；并探讨增加儿童自闭症特征的父母风险因素。除了与妊娠、出生和发育史相关的风险因素外，还进行了检查。
创建了两组，一组由 66 名被诊断为 ADHD 的儿童和 33 名未被诊断为 ADHD 的儿童及其父母组成，另一组由 33 名未被诊断为 ADHD 的儿童和他们的父母组成。使用自闭症行为检查表（ABC）对儿童进行自闭症症状筛查，使用自闭症谱系商数（AQ）对父母进行自闭症症状筛查。同时，使用成人 ADHD-IV 基于诊断的筛查和评定量表以及 Wender Utah 评定量表（WURS）来确定父母的 ADHD 症状。
与未被诊断为 ADHD 的对照组相比，被诊断为 ADHD 的儿童的自闭症症状更多。男孩和对立违抗性障碍（ODD）的存在自闭症症状更多。尽管患有 ADHD 的儿童的父母 ADHD 症状更多，但他们在自闭症症状方面与对照组的父母没有差异。还确定了父母的 ADHD 症状对儿童的自闭症症状具有预测作用。此外，还表明母亲在怀孕期间吸烟与更多的自闭症特征有关。
ASD 和 ADHD 表现出高度的共病性。病因尚不清楚。ADHD 和 ASD 都表现出强烈的遗传易感性。我们发现，父母的 ADHD 症状预测了患有 ADHD 的儿童的自闭症症状。然而，需要更多的研究来揭示病因。
