Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Pharmaceutical Analysis Recent Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Oct 15;161:59-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.257. Epub 2020 Jun 3.
Conceivably the imperative reason for the absence of appropriate treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the late onset of clinical symptoms followed by late treatment. Specific biomarkers play a vital role in this area. The amyloid-beta peptide, tau protein and micRNA, are the most important biomarker associated in AD. There are many routine methods for identifying these biomarkers which molecular based methods with a high accuracy and sensitivity have been considered. These methods have some limitations such as; false positive and negative results, problem on the interpretation, complexity and time-consuming, high cost instruments and etc. To overcome these limitations, bioassays were developed extensively. There exist a multitude of possible applications for Alzheimer's disease biomarkers by using biosensors. This review mainly focuses on major biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, routine and old methods in identifying biomarkers of AD and their advantages and limitation, and biosensors to the identification of amyloid beta, tau protein and micRNAs biomarkers. Furthermore, evaluation the strengths and weaknesses of the developed bioassays and introduce leading challenges are considered in this review.
可以说，阿尔茨海默病（AD）缺乏适当治疗的迫切原因是临床症状出现较晚，随后才开始治疗。特定的生物标志物在这一领域发挥着至关重要的作用。淀粉样β肽、tau 蛋白和 micRNA 是与 AD 相关的最重要的生物标志物。有许多常规方法可用于识别这些生物标志物，其中基于分子的方法以其准确性和灵敏度而被认为是首选。这些方法存在一些局限性，例如：假阳性和假阴性结果、解释问题、复杂性和耗时、昂贵的仪器等。为了克服这些局限性，生物测定法得到了广泛的发展。生物传感器在阿尔茨海默病生物标志物的应用上有许多可能的应用。本综述主要集中在阿尔茨海默病的主要生物标志物、AD 生物标志物的常规和旧方法及其优缺点，以及生物传感器在淀粉样β、tau 蛋白和 micRNA 生物标志物识别方面的应用。此外，还评估了开发的生物测定法的优缺点，并介绍了主要的挑战。
