Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard Strasse 9, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard Strasse 9, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun;145(6):1517-1528. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.024.
The main interfaces controlling and attempting to homeostatically balance communications between the host and the environment are the epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal system, and airways. The epithelial barrier constitutes the first line of physical, chemical, and immunologic defenses and provides a protective wall against environmental factors. Following the industrial revolution in the 19th century, urbanization and socioeconomic development have led to an increase in energy consumption, and waste discharge, leading to increased exposure to air pollution and chemical hazards. Particularly after the 1960s, biological and chemical insults from the surrounding environment-the exposome-have been disrupting the physical integrity of the barrier by degrading the intercellular barrier proteins at tight and adherens junctions, triggering epithelial alarmin cytokine responses such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and increasing the epithelial barrier permeability. A typical type 2 immune response develops in affected organs in asthma, rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. The aim of this article was to discuss the effects of environmental factors such as protease enzymes of allergens, detergents, tobacco, ozone, particulate matter, diesel exhaust, nanoparticles, and microplastic on the integrity of the epithelial barriers in the context of epithelial barrier hypothesis.
控制并试图使宿主与环境之间的通讯保持体内平衡的主要界面是皮肤、胃肠道系统和呼吸道的上皮屏障。上皮屏障构成了物理、化学和免疫防御的第一道防线，为人体提供了抵御环境因素的保护墙。19 世纪工业革命后，城市化和社会经济发展导致能源消耗和废物排放增加，使人们更多地接触到空气污染和化学危害。特别是在 20 世纪 60 年代之后，来自周围环境的生物和化学侵袭——暴露组，通过降解紧密连接和黏附连接的细胞间屏障蛋白，破坏了屏障的物理完整性，引发上皮警报细胞因子反应，如 IL-25、IL-33 和胸腺基质淋巴生成素，并增加上皮屏障通透性。在哮喘、鼻炎、慢性鼻鼻窦炎、嗜酸性食管炎、食物过敏和特应性皮炎等受影响的器官中会发生典型的 2 型免疫反应。本文旨在讨论过敏原蛋白酶、清洁剂、烟草、臭氧、颗粒物、柴油废气、纳米颗粒和微塑料等环境因素对上皮屏障假说中上皮屏障完整性的影响。
