Liu Hu, Wang Hua H
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
Front Microbiol. 2020 May 19;11:932. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00932. eCollection 2020.
Microbiota transplant is becoming a popular process to restore or initiate "healthy" gut microbiota and immunity. But, the potential risks of the related practices need to be carefully evaluated. This study retrospectively examined the resistomes of donated fecal microbiota for treating intestinal disorders, vaginal microbiota of pregnant women, and infant fecal microbiota from rural and urban communities, as well as the impact of transplants on the fecal resistome of human and animal recipients. Antibiotic resistance (AR) genes were found to be abundant in all donor microbiota. An overall surge of resistomes with higher prevalence and abundance of AR genes was observed in the feces of all transplanted gnotobiotic pigs as well as in the feces of infant subjects, compared to those in donor fecal and maternal vaginal microbiota. Surprisingly, transplants using rural Amish microbiota led to more instead of less AR genes in the fecal microbiota of gnotobiotic pigs than did transplants using urban microbiota. New AR gene subtypes undetected originally also appeared in gnotobiotic pigs, in Crohn's Disease (CD) patients after transplant, and in feces of infant subjects. The data illustrated the key role of the host gastrointestinal tract system in amplifying the ever-increasing AR gene pool, even without antibiotic exposure. The data further suggest that the current approaches of microbiota transplant can introduce significant health risk factor(s) to the recipients, and newborn human and animal hosts with naïve gut microbiota were especially susceptible. Given the illustrated public health risks of microbiota transplant, minimizing massive and unnecessary damages to gut microbiota by oral antibiotics and other gut impacting drugs becomes important. Since eliminating risk factors including AR bacteria and opportunistic pathogens directly from donor microbiota is still difficult to achieve, developing microbial cocktails with defined organisms and functions has further become an urgent need, should microbiota transplantation become necessary.
微生物群移植正成为一种恢复或启动“健康”肠道微生物群和免疫力的流行方法。但是，相关操作的潜在风险需要仔细评估。本研究回顾性检查了用于治疗肠道疾病的捐赠粪便微生物群、孕妇的阴道微生物群以及城乡社区婴儿粪便微生物群的耐药基因组，以及移植对人类和动物受体粪便耐药基因组的影响。发现抗生素抗性（AR）基因在所有供体微生物群中都很丰富。与供体粪便和母体阴道微生物群相比，在所有移植的无菌猪的粪便以及婴儿受试者的粪便中都观察到了耐药基因组的总体激增，AR基因的患病率和丰度更高。令人惊讶的是，与使用城市微生物群的移植相比，使用农村阿米什人微生物群的移植导致无菌猪粪便微生物群中的AR基因更多而不是更少。最初未检测到的新AR基因亚型也出现在无菌猪、移植后的克罗恩病（CD）患者以及婴儿受试者的粪便中。数据表明宿主胃肠道系统在扩大不断增加的AR基因库中起着关键作用，即使没有接触抗生素。数据进一步表明，目前的微生物群移植方法可能会给受体带来重大健康风险因素，而具有原始肠道微生物群的新生人类和动物宿主尤其易感。鉴于微生物群移植已表明的公共卫生风险，尽量减少口服抗生素和其他影响肠道的药物对肠道微生物群造成的大量和不必要损害变得很重要。由于直接从供体微生物群中消除包括AR细菌和机会性病原体在内的风险因素仍然难以实现，因此如果有必要进行微生物群移植，开发具有明确生物体和功能的微生物组合就变得更加迫切。
