Emamalipour Melissa, Seidi Khaled, Zununi Vahed Sepideh, Jahanban-Esfahlan Ali, Jaymand Mehdi, Majdi Hasan, Amoozgar Zohreh, Chitkushev L T, Javaheri Tahereh, Jahanban-Esfahlan Rana, Zare Peyman
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 May 19;8:229. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00229. eCollection 2020.
Flexibility in the exchange of genetic material takes place between different organisms of the same or different species. This phenomenon is known to play a key role in the genetic, physiological, and ecological performance of the host. Exchange of genetic materials can cause both beneficial and/or adverse biological consequences. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) as a general mechanism leads to biodiversity and biological innovations in nature. HGT mediators are one of the genetic engineering tools used for selective introduction of desired changes in the genome for gene/cell therapy purposes. HGT, however, is crucial in development, emergence, and recurrence of various human-related diseases, such as cancer, genetic-, metabolic-, and neurodegenerative disorders and can negatively affect the therapeutic outcome by promoting resistant forms or disrupting the performance of genome editing toolkits. Because of the importance of HGT and its vital physio- and pathological roles, here the variety of HGT mechanisms are reviewed, ranging from extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanotubes in prokaryotes to cell-free DNA and apoptotic bodies in eukaryotes. Next, we argue that HGT plays a role both in the development of useful features and in pathological states associated with emerging and recurrent forms of the disease. A better understanding of the different HGT mediators and their genome-altering effects/potentials may pave the way for the development of more effective therapeutic and diagnostic regimes.
遗传物质的交换灵活性发生在同一物种或不同物种的不同生物体之间。已知这种现象在宿主的遗传、生理和生态表现中起关键作用。遗传物质的交换可能会导致有益和/或有害的生物学后果。水平基因转移（HGT）或侧向基因转移（LGT）作为一种普遍机制，导致了自然界中的生物多样性和生物创新。HGT介导物是用于基因/细胞治疗目的、在基因组中选择性引入所需变化的基因工程工具之一。然而，HGT在各种与人类相关疾病的发生、出现和复发中至关重要，如癌症、遗传、代谢和神经退行性疾病，并且通过促进抗性形式或破坏基因组编辑工具包的性能，可能会对治疗结果产生负面影响。由于HGT的重要性及其至关重要的生理和病理作用，本文综述了多种HGT机制，从原核生物中的细胞外囊泡（EVs）和纳米管到真核生物中的游离DNA和凋亡小体。接下来，我们认为HGT在有用特征的发展以及与疾病的新出现和复发形式相关的病理状态中都发挥着作用。更好地理解不同的HGT介导物及其基因组改变效应/潜力，可能为开发更有效的治疗和诊断方案铺平道路。
