School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China.
Environ Int. 2020 Sep;142:105817. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105817. Epub 2020 Jun 7.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicle parts and interior materials can seriously affect in-cabin air quality. Prior studies mainly focused on indoor material emissions, while studies of emissions in-cabins were relatively scarce. The emission behaviors of VOCs from vehicle cabin materials can be characterized by three key emission parameters: the initial emittable concentration (C), diffusion coefficient (D), and partition coefficient (K). Based on a C-history method, we have performed a series of tests with a 30 L small-scale chamber to determine these three key emission parameters for six VOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde, from typical vehicle cabin materials, car roof upholstery, carpet, and seat. We found that acetaldehyde had the highest level in the gas-phase concentration and C, which differs from residential indoor environments where formaldehyde is usually the most prevalent pollutant. The influence of temperature on the key emission parameters was also investigated. When the temperature rose from 25 °C to 65 °C, C increased by 40-640%, D increased by 40-170%, but K decreased by 38-71% for different material-VOC combinations. We then performed an independent validation to demonstrate the accuracy of the measured key emission parameters. Furthermore, considering that in reality, several materials coexist in vehicle cabins, we made a first attempt at applying a multi-source model to predict VOC emission behaviors in a simulated 3 m vehicle cabin, using the key emission parameters obtained from the small-scale chamber tests. The good agreement between the predictions and experiments (R = 0.82-0.99) demonstrated that the three key emission parameters measured via chamber tests can be scaled to estimate emission scenarios in realistic vehicle cabin environments. A pollution contribution analysis for the tested materials indicated that the car seat could significantly contribute to the total emissions.
挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）从车辆部件和内饰材料中释放出来，会严重影响车内空气质量。先前的研究主要集中在室内材料的排放上，而对车内排放的研究相对较少。车内材料中 VOCs 的排放行为可以用三个关键的排放参数来描述：初始可挥发浓度（C）、扩散系数（D）和分配系数（K）。基于 C 历史法，我们使用 30L 小型室进行了一系列测试，以确定来自典型车辆舱室材料（汽车顶篷内饰、地毯和座椅）的六种 VOC（苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、甲醛和乙醛）的这三个关键排放参数。我们发现，与居住室内环境中通常以甲醛为主的情况不同，乙醛在气相浓度和 C 方面的水平最高。还研究了温度对关键排放参数的影响。当温度从 25°C 升高到 65°C 时，C 增加了 40-640%，D 增加了 40-170%，但不同材料-VOC 组合的 K 降低了 38-71%。然后，我们进行了独立验证，以证明所测关键排放参数的准确性。此外，考虑到在现实中，车内存在几种材料共存的情况，我们首次尝试使用多源模型来预测模拟 3m 车内的 VOC 排放行为，使用从小型室测试中获得的关键排放参数。预测与实验之间的良好一致性（R=0.82-0.99）表明，通过室测试测量的三个关键排放参数可以扩展到估计实际车辆舱环境中的排放情况。对测试材料的污染贡献分析表明，汽车座椅可以显著贡献总排放量。
