Masa-Ud Abdul Gafar A, Chelwa Grieve, van Walbeek Corné
School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Tob Induc Dis. 2020 Jun 1;18:48. doi: 10.18332/tid/120936. eCollection 2020.
There is a growing literature on the 'crowding-out' effects of tobacco expenditure, particularly in Low-to-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). However, there is no published study investigating these effects in the context of Ghana, a country where tobacco consumption is expected to increase in the future. This study aims to investigate whether tobacco influences expenditure patterns within Ghanaian households.
We estimate a demand system of quadratic conditional Engel curves for a set of twelve groups of commodities using the 2012/2013 Ghana Living Standards Survey. Unlike previous studies we use the GMM 3SLS estimator, which provides more efficient parameter estimates due to heteroskedastic errors inherent in cross-sectional datasets of this nature.
The results show that Ghanaian households that spend on tobacco are more likely to spend also on alcohol, recreation, transport and communications, but less on food, housing, and health needs.
Tobacco expenditure, through its 'crowding-in' effects on alcohol and 'crowding-out' effects on food and health expenditure worsens household welfare in Ghana.
关于烟草消费支出的“挤出”效应的文献越来越多，尤其是在低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）。然而，在加纳这个预计未来烟草消费会增加的国家，尚无已发表的研究探讨这些效应。本研究旨在调查烟草是否会影响加纳家庭的支出模式。
我们使用2012/2013年加纳生活水平调查，估计了一组十二类商品的二次条件恩格尔曲线需求系统。与以往研究不同的是，我们使用了广义矩方法三阶段最小二乘法估计量，由于这类性质的横截面数据集固有的异方差误差，该方法能提供更有效的参数估计。
结果表明，在烟草上有支出的加纳家庭更有可能在酒精、娱乐、交通和通讯上也有支出，但在食品、住房和健康需求上的支出较少。
烟草消费支出通过对酒精的“挤入”效应以及对食品和健康支出的“挤出”效应，恶化了加纳家庭的福利。
