Yazdankhah Siamak, Skjerve Eystein, Wasteson Yngvild
Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Oslo, Norway.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2018 Dec 11;29(1):1548248. doi: 10.1080/16512235.2018.1548248. eCollection 2018.
Potentially toxic metals (PTM), along with PTM-resistant bacteria and PTM-resistance genes, may be introduced into soil and water through sewage systems, direct excretion, land application of biosolids (organic matter recycled from sewage, especially for use in agriculture) or animal manures as fertilizers, and irrigation with wastewater or treated effluents. In this review article, we have evaluated whether the content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (CrIII + CrVI), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in soil and fertilizing products play a role in the development, spreading, and persistence of bacterial resistance to these elements, as well as cross- or co-resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several of the articles included in this review reported the development of resistance against PTM in both sewage and manure. Although PTM like As, Hg, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni may be present in the fertilizing products, the concentration may be low since they occur due to pollution. In contrast, trace metals like Cu and Zn are actively added to animal feed in many countries. In several studies, several different bacterial species were shown to have a reduced susceptibility towards several PTM, simultaneously. However, neither the source of resistant bacteria nor the minimum co-selective concentration (MCC) for resistance induction are known. Co- or cross-resistance against and were identified in some of the bacterial isolates. This suggest that there is a genetic linkage or direct genetic causality between genetic determinants to these widely divergent antimicrobials, and metal resistance. Data regarding the routes and frequencies of transmission of AMR from bacteria of environmental origin to bacteria of animal and human origin were sparse. Due to the lack of such data, it is difficult to estimate the probability of development, transmission, and persistence of PTM resistance. PTM: potentially toxic metals; AMR: antimicrobial resistance; ARG: antimicrobial resistance gene; MCC: minimum co-selective concentration; MDR: multidrug resistance; ARB: antimicrobial resistant bacteria; HGT: horizontal gene transfer; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration.
潜在有毒金属（PTM），连同抗PTM细菌和PTM抗性基因，可能通过污水系统、直接排泄、将生物固体（从污水中回收的有机物，特别是用于农业）或动物粪便作为肥料进行土地施用，以及用废水或处理后的污水进行灌溉等方式进入土壤和水体。在这篇综述文章中，我们评估了土壤和施肥产品中砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（CrIII + CrVI）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）、镍（Ni）和锌（Zn）的含量是否在细菌对这些元素的抗性发展、传播和持续存在中发挥作用，以及对抗菌剂的交叉或共同抗性。本综述纳入的几篇文章报道了污水和粪便中对PTM抗性的发展情况。虽然像As、Hg、Co、Cd、Pb和Ni等PTM可能存在于施肥产品中，但由于它们是由污染产生的，其浓度可能较低。相比之下，许多国家会在动物饲料中主动添加铜和锌等痕量金属。在一些研究中，几种不同的细菌物种同时显示出对几种PTM的敏感性降低。然而，既不知道抗性细菌的来源，也不清楚诱导抗性的最小共选择浓度（MCC）。在一些细菌分离株中发现了对[未提及的两种物质]的共同或交叉抗性。这表明，对于这些差异很大的抗菌剂和金属抗性，其遗传决定因素之间存在遗传联系或直接的遗传因果关系。关于环境来源细菌的抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）向动物和人类来源细菌的传播途径和频率的数据很少。由于缺乏此类数据，很难估计PTM抗性的发展、传播和持续存在的可能性。PTM：潜在有毒金属；AMR：抗菌药物耐药性；ARG：抗菌抗性基因；MCC：最小共选择浓度；MDR：多重耐药性；ARB：抗菌耐药细菌；HGT：水平基因转移；MIC：最小抑菌浓度。
