Schmiedek Florian, Lövdén Martin, von Oertzen Timo, Lindenberger Ulman
Center for Lifespan Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
DIPF - Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
PeerJ. 2020 Jun 9;8:e9290. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9290. eCollection 2020.
Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or "," uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals' cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.
一个多世纪以来，关于个体间差异的研究已达成共识，即人类认知能力是分层组织的，其中最顶层是一个被称为一般智力或“g”的一般因素。令人惊讶的是，尚不清楚这一系列证据是否能说明个体内部认知是如何构建的。我们使用来自101名年轻人的数据，他们在六个月内分100次完成了九项认知任务，我们发现个体的认知能力结构各不相同，且与个体间的典型结构有很大偏差。工作记忆对个体间和个体内部结构的共同方差贡献最大，但“g”因素在个体内部的突出程度远低于个体间。我们得出结论，认知能力的个体间结构不能作为个体内部结构的替代。为了揭示人类智力的发展和组织，需要对个体进行长期研究。
