Non-coding RNAs as emerging targets for crop improvement.

Food security is affected by climate change, population growth, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. Conventional and molecular marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering techniques have been employed extensively for improving resistance to biotic stress in crop plants. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have permitted the exploration and identification of parts of the genome that extend beyond the regions with protein coding potential. These non-coding regions of the genome are transcribed to generate many types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs are involved in the regulation of growth, development, and response to stresses at transcriptional and translational levels. ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), small RNAs and circular RNAs have been recognized as important regulators of gene expression in plants and have been suggested to play important roles in plant immunity and adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this article, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge with respect to lncRNAs and their mechanism(s) of action as well as their regulatory functions, specifically within the context of biotic stresses. Additionally, we have provided insights into how our increased knowledge about lncRNAs may be used to improve crop tolerance to these devastating biotic stresses.