Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Southwest University College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
Chemosphere. 2020 Nov;258:127381. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127381. Epub 2020 Jun 13.
Citrus is highly consumed in China and considered a major source of pesticide carrier in human diet. In this paper, pesticide residues in mandarins, tangerines and oranges from China were evaluated, as well as the quality and long-term dietary risks for the Chinese consumers. Temporal variations for eight MRL non-compliant pesticides were also investigated. 106 pesticides were analyzed using QuEChERS procedure and UPLC-MS/MS, GC-MS and GC methods. Forty different pesticides were detected in 86% of the 2922 samples from 2013 to 2018. Chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide with a detection rate of 40%. Residues of eight pesticides in 3.8% of the total samples exceeded their MRLs. The most severely excessive pesticide was bifenthrin with 283% MRL. The occurrences and exceeding rates of eight pesticides presented clear temporal variations during the six harvesting years. Isocarbophos, carbofuran and triazophos were the main risk factors threatening the citrus safety pre-2015, whereas profenofos and bifenthrin gradually became dominant after 2016, coinciding with government control measures. The index of quality for residues (IqR) levels of 88% of the samples were below 1.0, which indicated a satisfactory quality of citrus fruits in China, although 70% of the samples contained two or more residues. The cumulative chronic dietary risks were acceptable for both the Chinese general population and children and would not pose health risks. However, more strictly enforced control measures for methidathion and isocarbophos, and reduced usage of triazophos, quinalphos, profenofos and bifenthrin should be pursued to further improve the safety of citrus fruits.
柑橘在中国被广泛消费，被认为是人类饮食中农药载体的主要来源。本文评估了来自中国的蜜柑、橘和甜橙中的农药残留，以及其对中国消费者的质量和长期饮食风险。还调查了 8 种不符合最大残留限量（MRL）的农药的时间变化。使用 QuEChERS 程序和 UPLC-MS/MS、GC-MS 和 GC 方法分析了 106 种农药。在 2013 年至 2018 年期间，从 2922 个样本中检测到 86%的样本中存在 40 种不同的农药。毒死蜱的检出率最高，为 40%。在 3.8%的总样本中，有 8 种农药的残留超过了其 MRL。超标最严重的农药是联苯菊酯，超标 283%。在六年的收获期内，这 8 种农药的发生和超标率呈现出明显的时间变化。异稻瘟净、克百威和三唑磷是 2015 年前威胁柑橘安全的主要风险因素，而丙溴磷和联苯菊酯在 2016 年后逐渐成为主导因素，这与政府的控制措施相符。88%的样本的残留质量指数（IqR）水平低于 1.0，这表明中国柑橘的质量令人满意，尽管 70%的样本含有两种或两种以上的残留。对于中国的一般人群和儿童来说，累积慢性饮食风险是可以接受的，不会对健康构成风险。然而，应该更加严格地执行对甲拌磷和异稻瘟净的控制措施，并减少对三唑磷、喹硫磷、丙溴磷和联苯菊酯的使用，以进一步提高柑橘的安全性。
