Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, 315211, Ningbo, China.
Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 Jun 30;5(1):109. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00217-4.
tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), including tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRNAs), are small regulatory RNAs processed from mature tRNAs or precursor tRNAs. tRFs and tiRNAs play biological roles through a variety of mechanisms by interacting with proteins or mRNA, inhibiting translation, and regulating gene expression, the cell cycle, and chromatin and epigenetic modifications. The establishment and application of research technologies are important in understanding the biological roles of tRFs and tiRNAs. To study the molecular mechanisms of tRFs and tiRNAs, researchers have used a variety of bioinformatics and molecular biology methods, such as microarray analysis, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); Northern blotting; RNA sequencing (RNA-seq); cross-linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrids (CLASH); and photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP). This paper summarizes the classification, action mechanisms, and roles of tRFs and tiRNAs in human diseases and the related signal transduction pathways, targeted therapies, databases, and research methods associated with them.
tRNA 衍生的小 RNA（tsRNAs），包括 tRNA 衍生片段（tRFs）和 tRNA 半分子（tiRNAs），是从小型 RNA 成熟 tRNA 或前体 tRNA 加工而来的小调控 RNA。tRFs 和 tiRNAs 通过与蛋白质或 mRNA 相互作用、抑制翻译以及调节基因表达、细胞周期、染色质和表观遗传修饰等多种机制发挥生物学作用。研究技术的建立和应用对于理解 tRFs 和 tiRNAs 的生物学作用至关重要。为了研究 tRFs 和 tiRNAs 的分子机制，研究人员使用了多种生物信息学和分子生物学方法，如微阵列分析、实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）；Northern 印迹；RNA 测序（RNA-seq）；杂交物的交联、连接和测序（CLASH）；以及光活化核苷酸增强交联和免疫沉淀（PAR-CLIP）。本文总结了 tRFs 和 tiRNAs 在人类疾病中的分类、作用机制和作用，以及与其相关的信号转导通路、靶向治疗、数据库和研究方法。
