Kaimwal Akanksha, Hadish Muhammed, Kumar Anil, Kumar Ajay, Munshi Anjana
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
Immunol Res. 2025 May 22;73(1):85. doi: 10.1007/s12026-025-09639-0.
TRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are tiny non-coding RNAs that control gene expression and immunological responses. Initially, the tRFs were thought to be only a byproduct of Transfer RNA (tRNA) degradation. Recent studies highlighted their role in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sjögren's syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The tRFs can influence the gene expression that are potentially involved in autoimmune diseases. The tRFs can alter immune cell function and influence the pathways that lead to autoimmune diseases. This review examines how tRFs impact immune system regulation, such as interactions with messenger RNAs (mRNA), inhibition of apoptosis, and immune cell development. Dysregulation of this leads to the progression or severity of autoimmune diseases. In addition, the potential of tRFs as biomarkers for autoimmune diseases and their targets of novel therapeutic interventions. However, this area is still in its infancy and needs more research to understand the role of a wide range of tRFs in autoimmune diseases.
转运RNA衍生片段（tRFs）是控制基因表达和免疫反应的微小非编码RNA。最初，tRFs被认为只是转运RNA（tRNA）降解的副产物。最近的研究突出了它们在1型糖尿病（T1D）、炎症性肠病（IBD）、类风湿性关节炎（RA）、干燥综合征（SS）和系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）等自身免疫性疾病中的作用。tRFs可影响可能参与自身免疫性疾病的基因表达。tRFs可改变免疫细胞功能并影响导致自身免疫性疾病的途径。本综述探讨了tRFs如何影响免疫系统调节，如与信使RNA（mRNA）的相互作用、细胞凋亡的抑制以及免疫细胞发育。这种调节异常会导致自身免疫性疾病的进展或严重程度。此外，还探讨了tRFs作为自身免疫性疾病生物标志物的潜力及其新型治疗干预靶点。然而，这一领域仍处于起步阶段，需要更多研究来了解多种tRFs在自身免疫性疾病中的作用。
