Inhibitory Effect of Lipoteichoic Acid Derived from Three Lactobacilli on Flagellin-Induced IL-8 Production in Porcine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Probiotics in livestock feed supplements are considered to be an alternative to antibiotics. However, effector molecules responsible for the beneficial roles of probiotics in pigs are in general not well known. Thus, this study demonstrated that a well-known virulence factor, flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium, significantly induced IL-8 production in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus GG, effectively inhibited flagellin-induced IL-8 production at mRNA and protein levels. However, the lipoproteins of L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus GG did not suppress flagellin-induced IL-8 production. While D-alanine-deficient L. plantarum LTA inhibited flagellin-induced IL-8 production, L. plantarum LTA deficient in both D-alanine and acyl chains failed to inhibit it; this suggests that the acyl moieties of L. plantarum LTA are essential for inhibiting flagellin-induced IL-8 production. Taken together, L. plantarum LTA plays an important role in improving anti-inflammatory responses of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.