National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021 Feb;75(2):247-252. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0674-8. Epub 2020 Jul 3.
Since the Opening of China, the country's economy has continuously and rapidly improved. Various economic, educational, and health policies have been implemented to shape the development of society, which may have greatly affected the Chinese diet and related malnutrition issues. The objective of the present review was to comprehensively review long-term trends in dietary intakes, nutrition status, and subsequent health challenges among Chinese adults. The data sources were mainly the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010-2012 China National Nutrition Surveys (CNNS) and reports and the 1989-2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Over decades, there have been significant changes in the dietary structure of Chinese adults, characterized as decreased intake of cereals and vegetables and increased intake of animal foods with pork dominating. Intakes of eggs, fish, and dairy has reminded at a low level, with only a small increase over time. Consumption of cooking oil and salt was substantively far above the recommendations. A great proportion of fat-to-energy intake and "hidden hunger" was still prominent. Despite nutrition deficiency, there have been some modest improvements in related diseases, but overweight and obesity has become a prominent issue, with the prevalence in adults increasing from 16.4% and 3.6% in 1982 to 30.1% and 11.9% in 2012, respectively. In conclusion, this review sheds light on some salient problems with nutrition and malnutrition status in China, especially the dual challenges of undernutrition and overnutrition. Dynamic monitoring of nutritional characteristics in China should be strengthened, and effective strategies to improve nutrition need to be targeted at the national, societal, family, and individual levels.
自中国改革开放以来，经济持续快速增长。各项经济、教育和卫生政策的实施，塑造了社会的发展，这可能对中国人的饮食和相关的营养问题产生了重大影响。本综述的目的是全面回顾中国成年人饮食摄入、营养状况和随后健康挑战的长期趋势。数据来源主要为 1982 年、1992 年、2002 年和 2010-2012 年中国国家营养调查（CNNS）以及报告和 1989-2015 年中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）。几十年来，中国成年人的饮食结构发生了显著变化，表现为谷物和蔬菜摄入量减少，动物食品摄入量增加，猪肉占主导地位。蛋类、鱼类和乳制品的摄入量一直处于较低水平，且随着时间的推移略有增加。食用油和盐的摄入量远远超过推荐量。脂肪与能量摄入的比例以及“隐性饥饿”仍然很突出。尽管存在营养缺乏，但相关疾病仍有一些适度改善，但超重和肥胖已成为突出问题，成年人的患病率从 1982 年的 16.4%和 3.6%分别上升至 2012 年的 30.1%和 11.9%。总之，本综述揭示了中国营养和营养不良状况的一些突出问题，特别是营养不足和营养过剩的双重挑战。应加强对中国营养特征的动态监测，并针对国家、社会、家庭和个人层面制定有效的营养改善策略。
