Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A., Direção Laboratórios e de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Lisbon, Portugal; CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 10;742:140522. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140522. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
Disinfection By-products (DBPs) are formed during the chemical treatment of water for human consumption, by the reaction of raw water with chemical agents used in the different steps of the process. Disinfection is one of the most important steps, inactivating pathogens and preventing their regrowth during water distribution. However, it is also involved in DBPs formation due to the use of disinfectant agents, such as chlorine, which reacts with dissolved precursors, such as pharmaceuticals, toxins, pesticides, among others. Given their widespread occurrence, potential human health and (eco) toxicological impacts are of particular interest due to their potential carcinogenicity and various non-carcinogenic effects, such as endocrine disruption. In this study, the developmental toxicity of chemically- different unregulated DBPs was evaluated using zebrafish embryo bioassay. Embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the target DBPs and multiple endpoints, including, mortality, morphological abnormalities and locomotor behavior were assessed at specific developmental stages (24, 48, 72 and 96 hpf). The different families of DBPs tested included nitrosamines, aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. The results show that the effects were compound dependent, with EC10 values varying between 0.04 mg/L (2-ethyl-1-hexanal) to 9.2 mg/L (hexachloroacetone). Globally, several of the tested unregulated DBPs displayed higher toxicity when compared with the available data for some already regulated, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), which highlights the importance of screening the toxicity of still untested and poorly characterized DBPs.
消毒副产物（DBPs）是在人类消费用水的化学处理过程中形成的，是原水与处理过程中不同步骤中使用的化学药剂反应的结果。消毒是最重要的步骤之一，通过灭活病原体并防止它们在水分配过程中再生。然而，由于使用消毒剂（如氯）与溶解的前体（如药品、毒素、农药等）反应，它也参与了 DBPs 的形成。鉴于它们的广泛存在，由于其潜在的致癌性和各种非致癌效应，如内分泌干扰，它们对人类健康和（生态）毒理学的潜在影响特别感兴趣。在这项研究中，使用斑马鱼胚胎生物测定法评估了不同化学性质的未受监管的 DBPs 的发育毒性。将胚胎暴露于不同浓度的目标 DBPs 中，并在特定的发育阶段（24、48、72 和 96 hpf）评估死亡率、形态异常和运动行为等多个终点。测试的 DBPs 包括亚硝胺、醛、醇和酮等不同家族。结果表明，这些效应取决于化合物的种类，EC10 值在 0.04 mg/L（2-乙基-1-己醛）至 9.2 mg/L（六氯丙酮）之间变化。总体而言，与一些已经受监管的物质（如三卤甲烷（THMs））的现有数据相比，测试的未受监管的 DBPs 中的几种物质表现出更高的毒性，这突显出筛选仍然未经测试和特征描述较差的 DBPs 的毒性的重要性。
