Rychen Guido, Aquilina Gabriele, Azimonti Giovanna, Bampidis Vasileios, Bastos Maria de Lourdes, Bories Georges, Chesson Andrew, Cocconcelli Pier Sandro, Flachowsky Gerhard, Gropp Jürgen, Kolar Boris, Kouba Maryline, López-Alonso Marta, López Puente Secundino, Mantovani Alberto, Mayo Baltasar, Ramos Fernando, Saarela Maria, Villa Roberto Edoardo, Wester Pieter, Costa Lucio Guido, Dierick Noël, Manini Paola, Tarrés-Call Jordi, Wallace Robert John
EFSA J. 2017 Mar 1;15(3):e04713. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4713. eCollection 2017 Mar.
During 2012-2014, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) issued three opinions on the safety and efficacy of vitamin D for all animal species and concluded that no safety concern was identified for the use of vitamin D for fish at the maximum authorised content of 0.075 mg/kg feed. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority made available to the Commission some studies on the safety of vitamin D for fish and consumers at substantially higher levels (1.5 mg/kg feed) than those proposed by EFSA. The European Commission asked EFSA to review the information provided to estimate if it would be possible to increase the current levels of vitamin D in feed for fish. The increasing use of plant-based feed materials in aquaculture feeds could induce a decrease in vitamin D content in feedingstuffs. However, there is no evidence that the current total (background + supplemented) maximum EU content of vitamin D may cause any appreciable risk of deficiency in salmonids. The possible contribution of vitamin D in plant-based ingredients to the total vitamin D intake is considered to be low, although it cannot be reliably estimated. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that a total level of 1.5 mg vitamin D/kg compound feed is safe for salmonids with a margin of safety of at least 10. For other fish, insufficient data are available to conclude on the safety of a total level of 1.5 mg vitamin D/kg feed. Although the assessment of safety for the consumer is impaired by uncertainties concerning the transfer of vitamin D from feed to fish flesh, it was concluded that an increase of total vitamin D content in fish feeds up to 1.5 mg/kg feed would not lead the tolerable upper intake level to be exceeded even in high consumers.
2012年至2014年期间，欧洲食品安全局动物饲料添加剂和产品或物质专家委员会（FEEDAP）发布了三份关于维生素D对所有动物物种安全性和功效的意见，并得出结论：在饲料中维生素D最高授权含量为0.075毫克/千克的情况下，对鱼类使用维生素D不存在安全问题。挪威食品安全局向欧盟委员会提供了一些关于维生素D在含量远高于欧洲食品安全局提议水平（1.5毫克/千克饲料）时对鱼类和消费者安全性的研究。欧盟委员会要求欧洲食品安全局审查所提供的信息，以评估是否有可能提高鱼类饲料中维生素D的现有水平。水产养殖饲料中植物性饲料原料使用的增加可能导致饲料中维生素D含量降低。然而，没有证据表明欧盟目前维生素D的总（背景 + 添加）最高含量会对鲑科鱼类造成任何明显的缺乏风险。虽然无法可靠估计，但植物性成分中维生素D对维生素D总摄入量的可能贡献被认为较低。FEEDAP专家委员会得出结论，对于鲑科鱼类，每千克配合饲料中维生素D总量为1.5毫克是安全的，安全系数至少为10。对于其他鱼类，没有足够的数据来确定每千克饲料中维生素D总量为1.5毫克的安全性。尽管由于维生素D从饲料转移到鱼肉中的不确定性影响了对消费者安全性的评估，但得出的结论是，即使是高摄入量的消费者，将鱼类饲料中维生素D的总含量提高到1.5毫克/千克饲料也不会导致超过可耐受的每日最高摄入量。
