School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
J Sports Sci. 2012;30(15):1653-63. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.701762. Epub 2012 Jul 12.
The developmental activities of 328 elite soccer players aged under-16 years from Brazil, England, France, Ghana, Mexico, Portugal and Sweden were examined using retrospective recall in a cross-sectional research design. The activities were compared to the early diversification, early specialisation, and early engagement pathways. Players started their involvement in soccer at approximately 5 years of age. During childhood, they engaged in soccer practice for a mean value of 185.7, s = 124.0 h · year(-¹), in soccer play for 186.0, s = 125.3 h · year(-¹), and in soccer competition for 37.1, s = 28.9 h · year(-¹). A mean value of 2.3, s = 1.6 sports additional to soccer were engaged in by 229 players during childhood. Players started their participation in an elite training academy at 11 to 12 years of age. During adolescence, they engaged in soccer practice for a mean value of 411.9, s = 184.3 h · year(-¹), in soccer play for 159.7, s = 195.0 h · year(-¹), and in soccer competition for 66.9, s = 48.8 h · year(-¹). A mean value of 2.5, s = 1.8 sports other than soccer were engaged in by 132 players during this period. There were some relatively minor differences between countries, but generally the developmental activities of the players followed a mixture of the early engagement and specialisation pathways, rather than early diversification.
采用回顾性回忆的横断面研究设计，研究了来自巴西、英国、法国、加纳、墨西哥、葡萄牙和瑞典的 328 名 16 岁以下精英足球运动员的发展活动。这些活动与早期多样化、早期专业化和早期参与途径进行了比较。球员们大约在 5 岁时开始接触足球。在童年时期，他们平均每年进行 185.7 小时的足球练习（s=124.0），186.0 小时的足球比赛（s=125.3）和 37.1 小时的足球比赛（s=28.9）。229 名球员在童年时期还参加了平均 2.3 项（s=1.6）除足球以外的其他运动。球员们在 11 至 12 岁开始参加精英培训学院。在青少年时期，他们平均每年进行 411.9 小时的足球练习（s=184.3），159.7 小时的足球比赛（s=195.0）和 66.9 小时的足球比赛（s=48.8）。在此期间，有 132 名球员平均参与 2.5 项（s=1.8）除足球以外的其他运动。各国之间存在一些相对较小的差异，但总体而言，球员的发展活动遵循早期参与和专业化途径的混合，而不是早期多样化。
