Department of Biomedical Engineering, First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, The National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 Apr;199(4):1633-1648. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02274-w. Epub 2020 Jul 8.
The use of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. plant dates back to last century. The different parts of the plant exhibited various pharmacological activities. But literature search revealed scanty use of the leaf extract owing to few information regarding the various phytochemical constituents. The aim of this study is, therefore, to profile the chemical compounds through the use of omics-based approach. Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (qTOF-UPLC/MS) alongside gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (qTOF-GC/MS) were used to profile these chemical compounds. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to determine the concentration of trace elements as well as limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). For broader metabolite determination, a modified sample preparation was employed and to ascertain the cytoprotective potential of the leaf extract, MTT assay on A375 human melanoma cell lines was carried out. Sixty-eight peaks were characterized with the identification of 275 metabolites where 8 of these were confirmed. Of importance is the identification of eugenol; a polyphenolic compound at m/z 165.09 on fragments 119.09, 147.08, 109.10, 137.10, and 137.06. for qTOF-GC/MS analysis, 232 metabolites were identified consisting of terpenes, fatty acids, furans, amines, amides, and alkanes. The concentration of trace elements in the leaf extract ranged from 0.08 for Zn to 0.28 mg/kg for Fe with low concentrations of Cd according to the recommendation of European Legislation. The leaf showed higher inhibition of growth against A375 human melanoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. The results showed that K. africana leaf contained various pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, designer drugs, and phytochemicals, and these chemicals have minimal cytotoxic side effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing information on the various secondary metabolites in the leaf extract through the use of omics-based approach. Therefore, the leaves of K. africana plant can be used as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative agents for industrial, therapeutic, and medicinal applications. Graphical Abstract.
非洲吊灯树（Lam.）Benth. 的使用可以追溯到上个世纪。该植物的不同部位表现出各种药理学活性。但是，文献检索显示，由于有关各种植物化学成分的信息很少，因此很少使用叶提取物。因此，这项研究的目的是通过使用基于组学的方法来描绘化学化合物。超高压液相色谱四极杆飞行时间串联质谱（qTOF-UPLC / MS）和气相色谱四极杆飞行时间串联质谱（qTOF-GC / MS）用于描绘这些化学化合物。电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-OES）用于测定微量元素的浓度以及检测限（LOD）和定量限（LOQ）。为了更广泛地测定代谢物，采用了改良的样品制备方法，并通过对 A375 人黑素瘤细胞系进行 MTT 测定，来确定叶提取物的细胞保护潜力。用鉴定出 275 种代谢产物的 68 种峰进行了特征描述，其中 8 种得到了确认。重要的是鉴定出丁香酚；一种在 m / z 165.09 处的多酚类化合物，在碎片 119.09、147.08、109.10、137.10 和 137.06 处。对于 qTOF-GC / MS 分析，鉴定出 232 种代谢产物，包括萜类化合物，脂肪酸，呋喃，胺，酰胺和烷烃。叶提取物中微量元素的浓度范围从 0.08 的 Zn 到 0.28mg/kg 的 Fe，根据欧洲法规的建议，Cd 的浓度较低。叶提取物对 A375 人黑素瘤细胞系的生长抑制作用呈剂量依赖性。结果表明，K. africana 叶中含有各种药物，营养保健品，设计药物和植物化学物质，这些化学物质的细胞毒性副作用最小。据我们所知，这是第一项通过基于组学的方法提供叶提取物中各种次生代谢产物信息的研究。因此，K. africana 植物的叶子可用于工业，治疗和药用应用的抗炎，抗菌，抗细菌，抗真菌和抗增殖剂。
