Stamminger Rainer, Bues Alexander, Alfieri Felice, Cordella Mauro
Universität Bonn, Institut für Landtechnik, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate B - Growth and Innovation, Circular Economy and Industrial Leadership Unit, Edificio EXPO - C/Inca Garcilaso 3, 41092, Seville, Spain.
J Clean Prod. 2020 Jul 10;261:121222. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121222.
One of the global challenges of our economy is to meet the demand of a growing population while reducing resource consumption and waste production. This means moving from a linear to a more circular economy model, in which the design of more durable products plays a key role. From a technical perspective, product design needs to be supported by sound testing methods. However, repeatable and reproducible methods for testing product durability under real-life stress conditions are often not available, as in the case of washing machines. The overall objective of this study is to make further progress in the know-how relating to the durability testing of washing machines. A procedure is developed which: 1) consists of washing and spinning cycles, thus imposing thermal and mechanical stresses typically occurring in household washing machines; 2) can be used to monitor the performance of the appliances over time with limited testing burdens. The procedure was applied in a trial with two washing machines for a simulated usage period of two years. Results imply that the procedure can be suitable for evaluating the occurrence of early failures in laboratory testing. The study also provides indications for the further analysis of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test procedure, as well as investigating the consequences associated with longer testing periods. However, a comprehensive assessment of these aspects was not possible in this study. All in all, this guidance could be used by manufacturers and consumer-focussed testing organisations for the assessment and verification of the durability of washing machines, as well as being used to develop standard testing methods for the potential implementation of ecodesign/labelling measures for washing machines.
我们经济面临的全球挑战之一是，在满足不断增长的人口需求的同时，减少资源消耗和废物产生。这意味着要从线性经济模式转向更具循环性的经济模式，在这种模式中，设计更耐用的产品起着关键作用。从技术角度来看，产品设计需要有可靠的测试方法来支持。然而，像洗衣机这种情况，在实际使用压力条件下测试产品耐久性的可重复和可再现方法往往并不存在。本研究的总体目标是在洗衣机耐久性测试的专业知识方面取得进一步进展。开发了一种程序，该程序：1）包括洗涤和脱水循环，从而施加通常在家用洗衣机中出现的热应力和机械应力；2）可以在有限的测试负担下，用于长期监测电器的性能。该程序在两台洗衣机上进行了为期两年的模拟使用期试验。结果表明，该程序可能适用于在实验室测试中评估早期故障的发生情况。该研究还为进一步分析测试程序的可重复性和可再现性提供了线索，以及调查与更长测试期相关的后果。然而，本研究无法对这些方面进行全面评估。总而言之，该指南可供制造商和以消费者为导向的测试机构用于评估和验证洗衣机的耐久性，也可用于开发标准测试方法，以便有可能实施洗衣机的生态设计/标签措施。
