Osta-Ustarroz Patricia, Theobald Allister J, Whitehead Kathryn A
Lubrizol Life Science, Vanguard House, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4AB, UK.
Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Dec 18;13(12):1227. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13121227.
Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation are associated with the contamination and fouling at several locations in a washing machine, which is a particularly complex environment made from a range of metal, polymer, and rubber components. Microorganisms also adhere to different types of clothing fibres during the laundering process as well as a range of sweat, skin particles, and other components. This can result in fouling of both washing machine surfaces and clothes and the production of malodours. This review gives an introduction into washing machine use and surfaces and discusses how biofilm production confers survival properties to the microorganisms. Microbial growth on washing machines and textiles is also discussed, as is their potential to produce volatiles. Changes in consumer attitudes with an emphasis on laundering and an overview regarding changes that have occurred in laundry habits are reviewed. Since it has been suggested that such changes have increased the risk of microorganisms surviving the laundering process, an understanding of the interactions of the microorganisms with the surface components alongside the production of sustainable detergents to meet consumer demands are needed to enhance the efficacy of new antimicrobial cleaning agents in these complex and dynamic environments.
细菌附着和生物膜形成与洗衣机多个部位的污染和污垢有关，洗衣机是一个由一系列金属、聚合物和橡胶部件构成的特别复杂的环境。在洗涤过程中，微生物还会附着在不同类型的衣物纤维上，以及一系列汗液、皮肤颗粒和其他成分上。这会导致洗衣机表面和衣物的污垢以及恶臭的产生。本综述介绍了洗衣机的使用和表面情况，并讨论了生物膜的产生如何赋予微生物生存特性。还讨论了洗衣机和纺织品上的微生物生长情况以及它们产生挥发性物质的可能性。回顾了消费者对洗涤态度的变化，重点是洗涤，并概述了洗衣习惯发生的变化。由于有人认为这些变化增加了微生物在洗涤过程中存活的风险，因此需要了解微生物与表面成分之间的相互作用，以及生产可持续洗涤剂以满足消费者需求，以提高新型抗菌清洁剂在这些复杂动态环境中的功效。
