Gender differences in tibial fractures healing in normal and muscular dystrophic mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients have a high fracture risk and poor fracture healing. The dystrophin () mouse is a murine model of DMD and exhibits delayed bone fracture healing. Since our research team has shown that adult stem cells, such as muscle-derived stem cells, display a gender difference in their osteogenic potential with the male cells being more osteogenic, we hypothesize that a potential gender differences may exist during bone healing in normal and mice. To test this hypothesis, wild-type (WT) and mice underwent tibial fracture surgery and microCT live scanning biweekly. The mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks post-surgery and the calluses were collected for histological analysis. To further investigate the mechanism, another two sets of mice were sacrificed at 10 days after fracture for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis and histology. MicroCT results showed, at 6 weeks post- surgery, the calluses were larger but showed less remodeling in both normal and male mice when compared to females, at the same time point. However, females had higher callus bone volume density and an increase in osteoclast (OCs) number. At 10 days after fracture surgery, male mice had formed larger calluses, whereas females formed well-remodeled calluses with more osteoblasts and a greater bone area for both WT and mice. Higher IGF-1 expression was observed in male mice when compared to their female counterparts, whereas female WT mice had higher BMP-9 expression when compared to WT males. In conclusion, male mice formed larger bone calluses than females during tibial fracture healing for both WT and mice. This may be attributed to higher IGF-1 expression, activation of Wnt/β-catennin signaling pathway and greater OB numbers during callus formation. Female mice achieved better bone remodeling in the regenerated bone with higher bone quality due to increased OC numbers that promote faster remodeling of the fracture calluses, and higher BMP-9 expression levels. Therefore, gender is one of many factors that need to be considered for both animal and human bone research.