Hiergeist Andreas, Gessner Jana, Gessner André
Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Front Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 26;11:623. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00623. eCollection 2020.
High throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and metagenomes were applied to analyze complex microbial communities inhabiting the human gut and other body sites, and their role in numerous diseases. Studies in animals were important for elucidating the effects of the gut microbiota on the brain and behavior, and the responsible mechanisms. Recent studies in patients have identified bacterial taxa of the gut microbiome possibly impacting different neurological and psychiatric disorders including ADHD. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment of infections globally shape compositions of gut microbiota and might indirectly influence ADHD development. However, published studies revealed still partially incongruent results. Potential reasons for the still ill defined role of gut microbiota in ADHD comprise a) different study designs b) small number of patients c) different age groups analyzed d) inclusion of only treatment naive patients versus patients under medication e) differences of males versus females ratios and f) the heterogenous technology applied for microbiome sequence analysis. Furthermore, the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and individual host genetic factors requires much larger sample sizes and additional patient genome information. Alternative treatment options like probiotics or dietary interventions for ADHD therapy might offer new opportunities to prevent or treat this increasingly common disease. Clearly, further studies are needed to clarify molecular mechanisms imparting the gut brain axis as basis to modify commensal microbiota or their functions to target ADHD. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the most recent literature on the role of the gut microbiome in ADHD.
应用细菌16S rRNA基因和宏基因组的高通量测序来分析人类肠道及其他身体部位的复杂微生物群落，以及它们在多种疾病中的作用。动物研究对于阐明肠道微生物群对大脑和行为的影响及其作用机制具有重要意义。近期对患者的研究已经确定了肠道微生物组中的细菌分类群可能会影响包括注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）在内的不同神经和精神疾病。此外，全球范围内针对感染的抗生素治疗会改变肠道微生物群的组成，并可能间接影响ADHD的发展。然而，已发表的研究结果仍存在部分不一致的情况。肠道微生物群在ADHD中作用仍不明确的潜在原因包括：a）不同的研究设计；b）患者数量少；c）所分析的年龄组不同；d）仅纳入未接受过治疗的患者与正在接受药物治疗的患者；e）男性与女性比例的差异；f）用于微生物组序列分析的技术存在异质性。此外，肠道微生物群与个体宿主遗传因素之间复杂的相互作用需要更大的样本量和额外的患者基因组信息。像益生菌或饮食干预等ADHD治疗的替代方案可能为预防或治疗这种日益常见的疾病提供新的机会。显然，需要进一步的研究来阐明影响肠脑轴的分子机制，以此为基础来改变共生微生物群或其功能以治疗ADHD。本综述的目的是评估关于肠道微生物群在ADHD中作用的最新文献。
