Campos Joseph J, Anderson David I, Barbu-Roth Marianne A, Hubbard Edward M, Hertenstein Matthew J, Witherington David
Institute of Human Development University of California-Berkeley.
Department of Kinesiology San Francisco State University Institute of Human Development University of California-Berkeley.
Infancy. 2000 Apr;1(2):149-219. doi: 10.1207/S15327078IN0102_1. Epub 2000 Apr 1.
The onset of locomotion heralds one of the major life transitions in early development and involves a pervasive set of changes in perception, spatial cognition, and social and emotional development. Through a synthesis of published and hitherto unpublished findings, gathered from a number of converging research designs and methods, this article provides a comprehensive review and reanalysis of the consequences of self-produced locomotor experience. Specifically, we focus on the role of locomotor experience in changes in social and emotional development, referential gestural communication, wariness of heights, the perception of self-motion, distance perception, spatial search, and spatial coding strategies. Our analysis reveals new insights into the specific processes by which locomotor experience brings about psychological changes. We elaborate these processes and provide new predictions about previously unsuspected links between locomotor experience and psychological function. The research we describe is relevant to our broad understanding of the developmental process, particularly as it pertains to developmental transitions. Although acknowledging the role of genetically mediated developmental changes, our viewpoint is a transactional one in which a single acquisition, in this case the onset of locomotion, sets in motion a family of experiences and processes that in turn mobilize both broad-based and context-specific psychological reorganizations. We conclude that, in infancy, the onset of locomotor experience brings about widespread consequences, and after infancy, can be responsible for an enduring role in development by maintaining and updating existing skills.
自主运动的开始标志着早期发育过程中的一个重大生活转变，涉及到感知、空间认知以及社会和情感发展等一系列广泛的变化。通过综合从多种趋同的研究设计和方法中收集的已发表和迄今未发表的研究结果，本文对自我产生的运动体验的后果进行了全面的综述和重新分析。具体而言，我们关注运动体验在社会和情感发展变化、指示性手势交流、恐高、自我运动感知、距离感知、空间搜索以及空间编码策略等方面所起的作用。我们的分析揭示了运动体验引发心理变化的具体过程的新见解。我们详细阐述了这些过程，并对运动体验与心理功能之间此前未被怀疑的联系提出了新的预测。我们所描述的研究与我们对发育过程的广泛理解相关，特别是与发育转变相关。虽然承认基因介导的发育变化的作用，但我们的观点是一种相互作用的观点，即单一的获得，在这种情况下是自主运动的开始，引发了一系列体验和过程，进而推动广泛的和特定情境的心理重组。我们得出结论，在婴儿期，运动体验的开始会带来广泛的后果，而在婴儿期之后，它可以通过维持和更新现有技能在发育过程中发挥持久作用。
