Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
Neuroscientist. 2020 Oct-Dec;26(5-6):402-414. doi: 10.1177/1073858420941476. Epub 2020 Jul 18.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new pandemic infectious disease that originated in China. COVID-19 is a global public health emergency of international concern. COVID-19 causes mild to severe illness with high morbidity and mortality, especially in preexisting risk groups. Therapeutic options are now limited to COVID-19. The hallmark of COVID-19 pathogenesis is the cytokine storm with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C-motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). COVID-19 can cause severe pneumonia, and neurological disorders, including stroke, the damage to the neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier disruption, high intracranial proinflammatory cytokines, and endothelial cell damage in the brain. Mast cells are innate immune cells and also implicated in adaptive immune response, systemic inflammatory diseases, neuroinflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury and stroke, and stress disorders. SARS-CoV-2 can activate monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, mast cells, neutrophils, and induce cytokine storm in the lung. COVID-19 can activate mast cells, neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause psychological stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, COVID-19 can induce mast cell activation, psychological stress, cytokine storm, and neuroinflammation.
2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）由严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）引起，是一种起源于中国的新型大流行传染病。COVID-19 是国际关注的全球公共卫生紧急事件。COVID-19 可引起轻度至重度疾病，发病率和死亡率高，特别是在存在预先存在的风险群体中。目前治疗方法有限，COVID-19 的发病机制的标志是细胞因子风暴，白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、趋化因子（C-C-基序）配体 2（CCL2）和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）水平升高。COVID-19 可导致严重肺炎和神经紊乱，包括中风、神经血管单元损伤、血脑屏障破坏、颅内促炎细胞因子升高以及大脑内皮细胞损伤。肥大细胞是先天免疫细胞，也与适应性免疫反应、系统性炎症性疾病、神经炎症性疾病、创伤性脑损伤和中风以及应激障碍有关。SARS-CoV-2 可激活单核细胞/巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T 细胞、肥大细胞、中性粒细胞，并在肺部引发细胞因子风暴。COVID-19 可激活肥大细胞、神经元、神经胶质细胞和内皮细胞。SARS-CoV-2 感染可引起心理压力和神经炎症。总之，COVID-19 可诱导肥大细胞活化、心理压力、细胞因子风暴和神经炎症。
