Martínez-Soto Domingo, Ortiz-Castellanos Lucila, Robledo-Briones Mariana, León-Ramírez Claudia Geraldine
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Los Reyes, Los Reyes 60300, Mexico.
Microorganisms. 2020 Jul 18;8(7):1072. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8071072.
Multicellularity is defined as the developmental process by which unicellular organisms became pluricellular during the evolution of complex organisms on Earth. This process requires the convergence of genetic, ecological, and environmental factors. In fungi, mycelial and pseudomycelium growth, snowflake phenotype (where daughter cells remain attached to their stem cells after mitosis), and fruiting bodies have been described as models of multicellular structures. Ustilaginomycetes are Basidiomycota fungi, many of which are pathogens of economically important plant species. These fungi usually grow unicellularly as yeasts (sporidia), but also as simple multicellular forms, such as pseudomycelium, multicellular clusters, or mycelium during plant infection and under different environmental conditions: Nitrogen starvation, nutrient starvation, acid culture media, or with fatty acids as a carbon source. Even under specific conditions, can form basidiocarps or fruiting bodies that are complex multicellular structures. These fungi conserve an important set of genes and molecular mechanisms involved in their multicellular growth. In this review, we will discuss in-depth the signaling pathways, epigenetic regulation, required polyamines, cell wall synthesis/degradation, polarized cell growth, and other cellular-genetic processes involved in the different types of Ustilaginomycetes multicellular growth. Finally, considering their short life cycle, easy handling in the laboratory and great morphological plasticity, Ustilaginomycetes can be considered as model organisms for studying fungal multicellularity.
多细胞性被定义为在地球上复杂生物体进化过程中，单细胞生物转变为多细胞生物的发育过程。这一过程需要遗传、生态和环境因素的共同作用。在真菌中，菌丝体和假菌丝体生长、雪花表型（即有丝分裂后子细胞仍附着于干细胞）以及子实体已被描述为多细胞结构的模型。黑粉菌纲属于担子菌门真菌，其中许多是经济上重要的植物物种的病原体。这些真菌通常以酵母（担孢子）的形式单细胞生长，但在植物感染期间以及在不同环境条件下，如氮饥饿、营养饥饿、酸性培养基或以脂肪酸作为碳源时，也会以简单的多细胞形式生长，如假菌丝体、多细胞簇或菌丝体。即使在特定条件下，它们也能形成担子果或子实体，这些都是复杂的多细胞结构。这些真菌保留了一组与它们的多细胞生长相关的重要基因和分子机制。在这篇综述中，我们将深入讨论参与不同类型黑粉菌纲多细胞生长的信号通路、表观遗传调控、所需的多胺、细胞壁合成/降解、极化细胞生长以及其他细胞遗传过程。最后，考虑到它们的生命周期短、易于在实验室操作以及具有很大的形态可塑性，黑粉菌纲可被视为研究真菌多细胞性的模式生物。
