Aumüller R K, Coetzer E
Rev Sci Tech. 2020 Apr;39(1):223-233. doi: 10.20506/rst.39.1.3075.
In recent decades, animal welfare in livestock production has been elevated to a topic of global interest. To meet growing requirements from consumers and society, governments have emphasised animal welfare in legislation. Retailers have integrated this topic into their quality assurance systems for the management of their supply chains. The challenge is to avoid conflicts between applicable national legislation and industry standards for quality assurance of livestock production with regard to animal welfare requirements. Where possible and applicable, private schemes refer to local animal welfare legislation, and offer the possibility to integrate animal welfare criteria that go beyond the legislation. Where animal welfare legislation is not in place, the private schemes set the rules. One of the main purposes of private schemes is to grant international market access to certified livestock producers. This paper presents the GLOBALG.A.P. integrated farm assurance (IFA) standard for livestock production and the GLOBALG.A.P. livestock transport standard as examples of private and globally acting quality assurance systems. Both standards integrate food safety, traceability, sustainability and animal welfare criteria. Animal welfare criteria are a fundamental part of IFA and, on average, account for 35% of the control points applicable to livestock. In the livestock transport standard, this accounts for 61% of the control points. Defined processes for accreditation and standard setting safeguard the reliability, feasibility and integrity of accredited third-party certification schemes. The GLOBALG.A.P. system also includes voluntary animal welfare add-on standards to demonstrate compliance with higher animal welfare requirements than those contained in the basic IFA standard. The possibility to customise products to the demands and requirements from specific markets and supply chains increases market access. Market access for producers irrespective of size is possible via single producer or group certification. Group certification offers the best opportunities for smallholders. For local supply chains the Primary Farm Assurance standard, based on parts of the GLOBALG.A.P. IFA standard, is a capacity-building tool. It is preferred by customers who do not require the full IFA standard because of local conditions, or because they source from producers who cannot immediately achieve full GLOBALG.A.P. certification.
近几十年来，畜牧生产中的动物福利已成为全球关注的话题。为了满足消费者和社会日益增长的需求，各国政府在立法中强调了动物福利。零售商已将这一话题纳入其供应链管理的质量保证体系。挑战在于避免在动物福利要求方面，适用的国家立法与畜牧生产质量保证行业标准之间产生冲突。在可能且适用的情况下，私营计划会参考当地动物福利立法，并提供纳入超出立法范围的动物福利标准的可能性。在没有动物福利立法的地方，私营计划会制定规则。私营计划的主要目的之一是让经过认证的畜牧生产者进入国际市场。本文以全球良好农业规范（GLOBALG.A.P.）畜牧生产综合农场保证（IFA）标准和GLOBALG.A.P.畜牧运输标准为例，介绍私营且具有全球影响力的质量保证体系。这两项标准都整合了食品安全、可追溯性、可持续性和动物福利标准。动物福利标准是IFA的基本组成部分，平均占适用于牲畜的控制点的35%。在畜牧运输标准中，这一比例占控制点的61%。明确的认证和标准制定流程保障了经认可的第三方认证计划的可靠性、可行性和完整性。GLOBALG.A.P.体系还包括自愿性动物福利附加标准，以证明符合比基本IFA标准更高的动物福利要求。根据特定市场和供应链的需求定制产品的可能性增加了市场准入机会。无论规模大小，生产者都可以通过单个生产者认证或团体认证进入市场。团体认证为小农户提供了最佳机会。对于本地供应链而言，基于GLOBALG.A.P. IFA标准部分内容的初级农场保证标准是一种能力建设工具。由于当地条件，或者因为他们从无法立即获得全面GLOBALG.A.P.认证的生产者那里采购，那些不需要完整IFA标准的客户更青睐该标准。
