Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Jan;35(1):208-215. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.008. Epub 2020 Jul 6.
Currently available 3-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing techniques allow for the creation of patient-specific models based on 3D medical imaging data. The authors hypothesized that a low-cost, patient-specific, cardiac computed tomography-based phantom, created using desktop 3D printing and casting, would have comparable image quality, accuracy, and usability to an existing commercially available echocardiographic phantom.
Blinded comparative study.
Simulation laboratory at a single academic institution.
Voluntary cardiac anesthesiologists at a single academic institution.
Stage 1 of the study consisted of an online questionnaire in which a set of basic transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) views obtained from the 3D printed phantom and commercial phantom were presented to participants, who had to identify the views and evaluate their fidelity to clinical images on a Likert scale. In stage 2, participants performed an unblinded basic TEE examination on both phantoms.
The time needed to acquire each basic view was recorded. Overall usability of the phantoms was assessed through a questionnaire. The participants could recognize most of the views. Fidelity ratings for both phantoms were similar (p < 0.05), with the exception of a midesophageal 2-chamber view that was observed better on the 3D printed phantom. The time required to obtain the views was shorter for the 3D printed phantom, although not statistically significant for most views. The overall user experience was better for the 3D phantom for all categories examined (p < 0.05).
The study suggested that a 3D-printed TEE phantom is comparable with the commercially available one with good usability.
目前可用的三维（3D）建模和打印技术允许根据 3D 医学成像数据创建基于患者的模型。作者假设，使用桌面 3D 打印和铸造创建的低成本、基于患者的、基于心脏计算机断层扫描的模型在图像质量、准确性和可用性方面与现有的商业可用超声心动图模型相当。
盲法比较研究。
单个学术机构的模拟实验室。
来自单一学术机构的志愿心脏麻醉师。
研究的第一阶段包括在线问卷调查，参与者收到来自 3D 打印模型和商业模型的一组基本经食管超声心动图（TEE）视图，并必须根据李克特量表识别视图并评估其与临床图像的逼真度。在第二阶段，参与者对两个模型进行了非盲基本 TEE 检查。
记录获得每个基本视图所需的时间。通过问卷调查评估模型的整体可用性。参与者可以识别出大部分视图。两个模型的逼真度评分相似（p <0.05），但在 3D 打印模型上观察到的中食管 2 腔视图除外。获得视图所需的时间对于 3D 打印模型更短，尽管对于大多数视图来说并不具有统计学意义。在所有检查的类别中，3D 模型的整体用户体验都更好（p <0.05）。
研究表明，3D 打印 TEE 模型与商业上可用的模型具有良好的可用性，具有可比性。
