Colmer Jonathan, Hardman Ian, Shimshack Jay, Voorheis John
Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Science. 2020 Jul 31;369(6503):575-578. doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9353.
Air pollution at any given time is unequally distributed across locations. Average concentrations of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM) have fallen over time. However, we do not know how the spatial distribution of PM has evolved. Here, we provide early evidence. We combine 36 years of PM concentrations measured over ~8.6 million grid cells with geographic, economic, and demographic data from ~65,000 U.S. census tracts. We show that differences in PM between more and less polluted areas declined substantially between 1981 and 2016. However, the most polluted census tracts in 1981 remained the most polluted in 2016. The least polluted census tracts in 1981 remained the least polluted in 2016. The most exposed subpopulations in 1981 remained the most exposed in 2016. Overall, absolute disparities have fallen, but relative disparities persist.
在任何给定时间，空气污染在不同地点的分布都是不均衡的。随着时间的推移，直径小于2.5微米的细颗粒物（PM）的平均浓度有所下降。然而，我们并不清楚PM的空间分布是如何演变的。在此，我们提供了早期证据。我们将在约860万个网格单元上测量的36年PM浓度数据与来自约65000个美国人口普查区的地理、经济和人口数据相结合。我们发现，污染程度较高和较低地区之间的PM差异在1981年至2016年间大幅下降。然而，1981年污染最严重的人口普查区在2016年仍然是污染最严重的。1981年污染最轻的人口普查区在2016年仍然是污染最轻的。1981年暴露程度最高的亚人群在2016年仍然是暴露程度最高的。总体而言，绝对差距有所下降，但相对差距仍然存在。
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