Ali Tariq, Irfan Muhammad, Shaf Ahmad, Saeed Alwadie Abdullah, Sajid Ahthasham, Awais Muhammad, Aamir Muhammad
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan.
Sensors (Basel). 2020 Aug 2;20(15):4309. doi: 10.3390/s20154309.
Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Networks (I-UWSN) are mostly used for monitoring and exploring the environment with the help of smart technology, such as smart cities. The acoustic medium is used in underwater communication and radio frequency is mostly used for wireless sensor networks to make communication more reliable. Therefore, some challenging tasks still exist in I-UWSN, i.e., selection of multiple nodes' reliable paths towards the sink nodes; and efficient topology of the network. In this research, the novel routing protocol, namely Time Based Reliable Link (TBRL), for dynamic topology is proposed to support smart city. TBRL works in three phases. In the first phase, it discovers the topology of each node in network area using a topology discovery algorithm. In the second phase, the reliability of each established link has been determined while using two nodes reliable model for a smart environment. This reliability model reduces the chances of horizontal and higher depth level communication between nodes and selects next reliable forwarders. In the third phase, all paths are examined and the most reliable path is selected to send data packets. TBRL is simulated with the help of a network simulator tool (NS-2 AquaSim). The TBRL is compared with other well known routing protocols, i.e., Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Reliable Energy-efficient Routing Protocol (R-ERP2R), to check the performance in terms of end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption of a network. Furthermore, the reliability of TBRL is compared with 2H-ACK and 3H-RM. The simulation results proved that TBRL performs approximately 15% better as compared to DBR and 10% better as compared to R-ERP2R in terms of aforementioned performance metrics.
如今，智慧城市的发展趋势日益明显。因此，借助智能技术（如智慧城市），基于物联网（IoT）的水下和无线传感器网络（I-UWSN）大多用于环境监测和探索。水下通信使用声学媒介，而无线传感器网络大多使用射频，以使通信更可靠。因此，I-UWSN中仍存在一些具有挑战性的任务，即选择多个节点到汇聚节点的可靠路径；以及网络的高效拓扑结构。在本研究中，提出了一种用于动态拓扑的新型路由协议，即基于时间的可靠链路（TBRL），以支持智慧城市。TBRL分三个阶段工作。在第一阶段，它使用拓扑发现算法发现网络区域中每个节点的拓扑。在第二阶段，在使用智能环境的双节点可靠模型时，确定每个已建立链路的可靠性。这种可靠性模型减少了节点之间水平和更高深度级通信的机会，并选择下一个可靠的转发器。在第三阶段，检查所有路径并选择最可靠的路径来发送数据包。借助网络模拟器工具（NS-2 AquaSim）对TBRL进行了仿真。将TBRL与其他知名路由协议（即基于深度的路由（DBR）和可靠节能路由协议（R-ERP2R））进行比较，以检查在端到端延迟、数据包交付率和网络能耗方面的性能。此外，将TBRL的可靠性与2H-ACK和3H-RM进行比较。仿真结果证明，在上述性能指标方面，TBRL的性能比DBR大约好15%，比R-ERP2R大约好10%。
