Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616.
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616.
J Nutr Biochem. 2020 Nov;85:108465. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108465. Epub 2020 Aug 3.
Breastfeeding confers many benefits to the breast-fed infant which are reflected by better short-term and long-term outcomes as compared to formula-fed infants. Many components of breast milk are likely to contribute to these favorable outcomes, and there has recently been focus on the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). This fraction is a heterogenous mixture of proteins (many of them glycosylated), phospholipids, sphingolipids, gangliosides, choline, sialic acid and cholesterol which is lacking in infant formula as milk fat (which is also low in these components) is replaced by vegetable oils. Many of these components have been shown to have biological effects, and there is considerable evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials that providing bovine MFGM results in improved outcomes, in particular with regard to infections and neurodevelopment. Since bovine MFGM is commercially available, it is possible to add it to infant formula. There are, however, considerable variations in composition among commercial sources of bovine MFGM, and as it is not known which of the individual components provide the various bioactivities, it becomes important to critically review studies to date and to delineate the mechanisms behind the activities observed. In this review, we critically examine the preclinical and clinical studies on MFGM and its components in relation to resistance to infections, cognitive development, establishment of gut microbiota and infant metabolism, and discuss possible mechanisms of action.
母乳喂养给母乳喂养的婴儿带来了许多益处，与配方奶喂养的婴儿相比，这些益处体现在更好的短期和长期结果上。母乳中的许多成分可能有助于实现这些有利的结果，最近人们的关注点集中在乳脂球膜 (MFGM) 上。这部分是蛋白质（其中许多是糖基化的）、磷脂、鞘脂、神经节苷脂、胆碱、唾液酸和胆固醇的异质混合物，而婴儿配方奶中缺少这些成分，因为牛奶脂肪（这些成分含量也较低）被植物油所取代。许多这些成分已被证明具有生物学作用，并且有大量来自临床前研究和临床试验的证据表明，提供牛 MFGM 可改善结果，特别是在感染和神经发育方面。由于牛 MFGM 可商业化获得，因此可以将其添加到婴儿配方奶粉中。然而，商业来源的牛 MFGM 在组成上存在很大差异，由于尚不清楚哪些单个成分提供了各种生物活性，因此对迄今为止的研究进行批判性审查并阐明观察到的活性背后的机制变得非常重要。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地检查了 MFGM 及其成分在抗感染、认知发育、肠道微生物群建立和婴儿代谢方面的临床前和临床研究，并讨论了可能的作用机制。
