Montana State University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bozeman, MT, USA.
Consultant, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 25;745:140697. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140697. Epub 2020 Jul 15.
The extent of prescription and illicit drug abuse in geographically isolated rural and micropolitan communities in the intermountain western United States (US) has not been well tracked. The goal of this pilot study was to accurately measure drug dose consumption rates (DCR) between two select populations, normalize the data and compare the DCRs to similar communities. To learn about patterns of drug abuse between the two disparate communities, we used the emergent field of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). A rapid, quantitative and systematic process for the determination of multiple classes of prescribed and illicit drugs was applied to influent wastewater samples. Influent samples were collected over the course of three months (April to June 2019) at two wastewater treatment plants representing a small urban and a rural community. Collection of sewage influent included 24-h composite samples and the use of polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), time-weighted samplers. Using the results from the composite sampling data, DCRs per 1000 population could be calculated from the concentration data and the use of excretion correction factors. The following 18 compounds: amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, methadone, EDDP, codeine, benzoylecgonine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, noroxycodone, ketamine, fluoxetine, tramadol, and ritalinic acid; represent a subset of the targeted analytes that were consistently measured at detectable concentration levels, and present at both sites. Following normalization of the drug measurements to influent flow rates and per capita, the small urban community demonstrated greater collective excretion rates (CER) than the rural community, with the exceptions of amphetamine and methamphetamine.
在美国西部山间地带的地理上孤立的农村和小城市社区，处方和非法药物滥用的程度尚未得到很好的跟踪。本研究的目的是准确测量两个特定人群之间的药物剂量消耗率（DCR），对数据进行标准化，并将 DCR 与类似社区进行比较。为了了解两个截然不同社区之间的药物滥用模式，我们使用了新兴的废水基流行病学（WBE）。该方法是一种快速、定量和系统的过程，用于测定多种类别的处方和非法药物。我们将其应用于进水污水样本。在 2019 年 4 月至 6 月的三个月内，我们在两个代表一个小城市和一个农村社区的污水处理厂收集了进水样本。收集污水进水包括 24 小时混合样本和使用极性有机化学综合采样器（POCIS）、时间加权采样器。利用复合采样数据的结果，可以根据浓度数据和使用排泄校正因子来计算每 1000 人口的 DCR。以下 18 种化合物：安非他命、甲基苯丙胺、MDA、MDMA、吗啡、6-乙酰吗啡、美沙酮、EDDP、可待因、苯甲酰古柯碱、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、羟考酮、去甲羟考酮、氯胺酮、氟西汀、曲马多和利他林酸；代表了一致检测到浓度水平且存在于两个地点的目标分析物的子集。在将药物测量值归一化为进水流量和人均流量后，与农村社区相比，小城市社区的集体排泄率（CER）更高，除了安非他命和甲基苯丙胺之外。
