Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Oct;56(4):106131. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106131. Epub 2020 Aug 4.
High antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veal calves remain a source of concern. As part of the EFFORT project, the association between AMU and the abundance of faecal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in veal calves in three European countries was determined.
In 2015, faecal samples of veal calves close to slaughter were collected from farms located in France, Germany and the Netherlands (20 farms in France, 20 farms in the Netherlands and 21 farms in Germany; 25 calves per farm). Standardized questionnaires were used to record AMU and farm characteristics. In total, 405 faecal samples were selected for DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify the abundance (16S normalized concentration) of four ARGs [aph(3')-III, ermB, sul2 and tetW] encoding for resistance to frequently used antimicrobials in veal calves. Multiple linear mixed models with random effects for country and farm were used to relate ARGs to AMU and farm characteristics.
A significant positive association was found between the use of trimethoprim/sulfonamides and the concentration of sul2 in faeces from veal calves. A higher weight of calves on arrival at the farm was negatively associated with aph(3')-III and ermB. Lower concentrations of aph(3')-III were found at farms with non-commercial animals present. Furthermore, farms using only water for the cleaning of stables had a significantly lower abundance of faecal ermB and tetW compared with other farms.
A positive association was found between the use of trimethoprim/sulfonamides and the abundance of sul2 in faeces in veal calves. Additionally, other relevant risk factors associated with ARGs in veal calves were identified, such as weight on arrival at the farm and cleaning practices.
犊牛的高抗菌药物使用（AMU）和抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）仍然令人担忧。作为 EFFORT 项目的一部分，确定了三个欧洲国家犊牛 AMU 与粪便抗菌药物耐药基因（ARGs）丰度之间的关系。
2015 年，从法国、德国和荷兰的农场收集即将屠宰的犊牛粪便样本（法国 20 个农场、荷兰 20 个农场和德国 21 个农场；每个农场 25 头犊牛）。使用标准化问卷记录 AMU 和农场特征。总共选择了 405 个粪便样本进行 DNA 提取和定量聚合酶链反应，以定量编码犊牛中常用抗菌药物耐药性的四个 ARGs [aph(3')-III、ermB、sul2 和 tetW]的丰度（16S 归一化浓度）。使用具有国家和农场随机效应的多元线性混合模型来将 ARGs 与 AMU 和农场特征联系起来。
发现 trimethoprim/sulfonamides 的使用与犊牛粪便中 sul2 的浓度呈显著正相关。犊牛到达农场时的体重较高与 aph(3')-III 和 ermB 呈负相关。存在非商业动物的农场中 aph(3')-III 的浓度较低。此外，与其他农场相比，仅用水清洁畜栏的农场粪便中 ermB 和 tetW 的丰度显著较低。
发现 trimethoprim/sulfonamides 的使用与犊牛粪便中 sul2 的丰度呈正相关。此外，还确定了与犊牛 ARGs 相关的其他相关风险因素，例如到达农场时的体重和清洁实践。
