Beccaro Gabriele L, Donno Dario, Lione Guglielmo Gianni, De Biaggi Marta, Gamba Giovanni, Rapalino Sabrina, Riondato Isidoro, Gonthier Paolo, Mellano Maria Gabriella
Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy.
Chestnut R&D Center-Piemonte, 12013 Chiusa di Pesio, Italy.
Foods. 2020 Aug 5;9(8):1062. doi: 10.3390/foods9081062.
A large species diversity characterises the wide distribution of chestnuts in Asia, North America, and Europe, hence reflecting not only the adaptation of the genus to diverse environmental conditions, but also to different management strategies encompassing orchards. The characterisation and description of chestnut populations and cultivars are crucial to develop effective conservation strategies of one of the most important Italian and European fruit and wood species. Chestnut cultivars grown in the same pedoclimatic conditions and on the same clonal rootstock were characterised with sensory, spectrophotometric, and chromatographic analysis to determine the phytochemical composition and nutraceutical properties. A multivariate approach, including principal component analysis and conditional inference tree models, was also performed. The ease of peeling, seed colour, and intensity of sweetness were the sensory descriptors that allowed us to differentiate cultivars. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 9.30 ± 0.39 mmol Fe kg DW ('Bouche de Bètizac') to 19.96 ± 1.89 mmol Fe kg DW ('Garrone Rosso'). Monoterpenes represented the main component, reaching 88% for hybrids, followed by polyphenols (10-25% for hybrids and chestnuts, respectively). A multivariate approach showed that phenolic acids and tannins were the bioactive classes with the highest discriminating power among different genotypes, and that genotype is a significant variable ( < 0.05). In addition, most of the analysed chestnut cultivars showed a content of bioactive compounds similar to or higher than the main hazelnut, walnut, and almond varieties. Chestnut agrobiodiversity could be intended as strictly associated to the genotype effect and underlines the large variability within the genus , and therefore, the importance of in farm and ex situ conservation of local germplasm is part of a global strategy aimed at increasing the levels of agrobiodiversity.
丰富的物种多样性是板栗在亚洲、北美和欧洲广泛分布的特征，这不仅反映了该属植物对多样环境条件的适应，也体现了其对包括果园管理在内的不同管理策略的适应。对板栗种群和品种进行特征描述对于制定针对意大利乃至欧洲最重要的水果和木材品种之一的有效保护策略至关重要。对生长在相同土壤气候条件下且采用相同克隆砧木的板栗品种进行了感官、分光光度和色谱分析，以确定其植物化学成分和营养特性。还采用了包括主成分分析和条件推断树模型在内的多变量方法。易于去皮程度、种子颜色和甜度强度是能够让我们区分不同品种的感官描述指标。抗氧化能力范围从9.30±0.39毫摩尔铁/千克干重（“布歇·德·贝蒂扎克”）到19.96±1.89毫摩尔铁/千克干重（“加罗内·罗索”）。单萜类化合物是主要成分，杂交品种中占比达88%，其次是多酚类（杂交品种和板栗分别为10 - 25%）。多变量方法表明，酚酸和单宁是不同基因型间具有最高鉴别能力的生物活性类别，且基因型是一个显著变量（P<0.05）。此外，大多数分析的板栗品种所显示的生物活性化合物含量与主要榛子、核桃和杏仁品种相当或更高。板栗农业生物多样性可能与基因型效应紧密相关，并突显了该属植物内部的巨大变异性，因此，农场内和异地保护当地种质资源的重要性是旨在提高农业生物多样性水平的全球战略的一部分。
