Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 16;11:1525. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01525. eCollection 2020.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-surrounded structures. Besides serving as a harbor for the unwanted material exocytosed by cells, EVs play a critical role in conveying intact protein, genetic, and lipid contents that are important for intercellular communication. EVs, broadly comprised of microvesicles and exosomes, are released to the extracellular environment from nearly all cells either via shedding from the plasma membrane or by originating from the endosomal system. Exosomes are 40-150 nm, endosome-derived small EVs (sEVs) that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. This review focuses on the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs, including composition and cellular targeting and mechanisms by which these immune cell-derived sEVs influence tumor immunity either by suppressing or promoting tumor growth, are discussed. The final section of this review discusses how the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs can be manipulated to improve their immunogenicity.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一组异质的膜包裹结构。除了作为细胞胞吐作用的“垃圾场”外，EVs 还在传递完整的蛋白质、遗传和脂质内容物方面发挥着关键作用，这些内容物对于细胞间通讯至关重要。EVs 广泛地包含微泡和外泌体，通过质膜的出胞作用或起源于内体系统，从几乎所有细胞释放到细胞外环境中。外泌体是 40-150nm 的内体来源的小 EV（sEV），通过细胞释放到细胞外环境中。本综述重点介绍了免疫细胞来源的 sEV 的生物学特性，包括组成、细胞靶向以及这些免疫细胞来源的 sEV 通过抑制或促进肿瘤生长来影响肿瘤免疫的机制，讨论了 sEV 对肿瘤免疫的影响。本综述的最后一部分讨论了如何操纵免疫细胞来源的 sEV 的生物学特性来提高其免疫原性。
