University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States; University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2019 Dec;59:251-265. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.020. Epub 2019 Aug 3.
Melanoma cells produce a variety of extracellular vesicle (EV) types including shedding vesicles and exosomes (EXOs). These EVs are defined by their mechanism of cellular production. To date, the majority of EV investigations has centered around melanoma EXOs or small EVs (sEVs). Natural melanoma sEVs mediate pro-tumor processes including angiogenesis, immune regulation and modification of tissue microenvironments. A thorough examination of these processes reveals that they are interdependent. They work in concert to support tumor growth and survival. Pro-tumor functions attributed to melanoma cells are reproduced by melanoma sEVs. This ensures a certain degree of redundancy within the melanoma pathogenic process. It also allows for rapid adaptation of melanoma cells to changing microenvironments, anti-tumor immune responses, and therapeutic challenges. Further, as a result of their composition and inherent ability to engage the immune system, natural melanoma EVs possess excellent biomarker potential and might be used therapeutically as tumor vaccines.
黑色素瘤细胞产生多种细胞外囊泡 (EV) 类型，包括脱落囊泡和外泌体 (EXO)。这些 EV 根据其细胞产生的机制来定义。迄今为止，大多数 EV 的研究都集中在黑色素瘤 EXO 或小 EV (sEV) 上。天然黑色素瘤 sEV 介导促进肿瘤的过程，包括血管生成、免疫调节和组织微环境的改变。对这些过程的深入研究表明，它们是相互依存的。它们协同工作以支持肿瘤生长和存活。归因于黑色素瘤细胞的促肿瘤功能由黑色素瘤 sEV 复制。这确保了黑色素瘤发病过程中的一定程度的冗余。它还允许黑色素瘤细胞快速适应不断变化的微环境、抗肿瘤免疫反应和治疗挑战。此外，由于其组成和固有与免疫系统相互作用的能力，天然黑色素瘤 EV 具有优异的生物标志物潜力，并可能作为肿瘤疫苗进行治疗。
