González-González Mario Felipe, Ocampo-Alvarez Héctor, Santacruz-Ruvalcaba Fernando, Sánchez-Hernández Carla Vanessa, Casarrubias-Castillo Kena, Becerril-Espinosa Amayaly, Castañeda-Nava José Juvencio, Hernández-Herrera Rosalba Mireya
Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico.
Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía, Departamento de Ecología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico.
Front Plant Sci. 2020 Jul 17;11:999. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00999. eCollection 2020.
The worldwide use of plant biostimulants (PBs) represents an environmentally friendly tool to increase crop yield and productivity. PBs include different substances, compounds, and growth-promoting microorganism formulations, such as those derived from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or seaweed extracts (SEs), which are used to regulate or enhance physiological processes in plants. This study analyzed the physiological, ecological, and biochemical implications of the addition of two PBs, AMF or SE (both alone and in combination), on tomato plants ( L. cv. "Rio Fuego"). The physiological responses evaluated were related to plant growth and photosynthetic performance. The ecological benefits were assessed based on the success of AMF colonization, flowering, resistance capacity, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and polyphenol content. Biochemical effects were evaluated protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorous content. Each PB was found to benefit tomato plants in a different but complementary manner. AMF resulted in an energetically expensive (high ETR but low growth) but protective (high NPQ and polyphenol content) response. AMF + nutritive solution (NS) induced early floration but resulted in low protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content. Both AMF and AMF + NS favored foliar instead of root development. In contrast, SE and SE + NS favored protein content and root development and did not promote flowering. However, the combination of both PBs (AMF + SE) resulted in an additive effect, reflected in an increase in both foliar and root growth as well as protein and carbohydrate content. Moreover, a synergistic effect was also found, which was expressed in accelerated flowering and AMF colonization. We present evidence of benefits to plant performance (additive and synergistic) due to the interactive effects between microbial (AMF) and nonmicrobial (SEs) PBs and propose that the complementary modes of action of both PBs may be responsible for the observed positive effects due to the new and emerging properties of their components instead of exclusively being the result of known constituents. These results will be an important contribution to biostimulant research and to the development of a second generation of PBs in which combined and complementary mechanisms may be functionally designed.
全球范围内植物生物刺激剂（PBs）的使用是一种提高作物产量和生产力的环保工具。PBs包括不同的物质、化合物和促进生长的微生物制剂，如丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）衍生的制剂或海藻提取物（SEs），它们被用于调节或增强植物的生理过程。本研究分析了添加两种PBs，即AMF或SE（单独添加以及联合添加）对番茄植株（L. cv. “Rio Fuego”）的生理、生态和生化影响。所评估的生理反应与植物生长和光合性能有关。基于AMF定殖的成功率、开花情况、抗性能力、非光化学猝灭（NPQ）和多酚含量评估生态效益。通过蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物、氮和磷的含量评估生化效应。发现每种PB都以不同但互补的方式使番茄植株受益。AMF导致一种能量消耗大（高电子传递速率但生长缓慢）但具有保护作用（高NPQ和多酚含量）的反应。AMF + 营养液（NS）诱导早期开花，但导致蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂质含量较低。AMF和AMF + NS都有利于叶片而非根系发育。相比之下，SE和SE + NS有利于蛋白质含量和根系发育，且不促进开花。然而，两种PBs（AMF + SE）的组合产生了累加效应，表现为叶片和根系生长以及蛋白质和碳水化合物含量增加。此外，还发现了协同效应，表现为开花加速和AMF定殖。我们提供了证据，证明由于微生物（AMF）和非微生物（SEs）PBs之间的相互作用对植物性能产生了益处（累加和协同），并提出两种PBs的互补作用模式可能是由于其成分的新特性而非仅仅是已知成分导致了观察到的积极效果。这些结果将对生物刺激剂研究以及第二代PBs的开发做出重要贡献，在第二代PBs中，组合和互补机制可以在功能上进行设计。
